Module 9

Question 1

3 Dimensions to Reproduction

Answer 1

• Fertility
  ~ production of offspring
• a man or woman who is fertile has produced offspring
• often addressed as a rate of reproduction or of total number of children produced
• Fecundity
  ~ the capital to produce offsping
• A man or woman who is fecund has the physiological ability ot reproduce, even if they choose not to
• A mesure of reproduction function
• Reproductive Value
  ~ expected reproduction in the future
• Reproduction value peaks at the onset of reproduction, before any fertility

Question 2

Fertility

Answer 2

• realized production of offspring
  ~ Birth rate
  ~ This will be partly related to fecundity but also to behavioral factors
  ~ completed fertility is the total number of offspring over the lifespan

Question 3

Fecundity

Answer 3

• The capacity to produce offspring
  ~A man or woman who is fecund has the physiological ability to reproduce, even if they do not
  ~ Could be related to probability of ovulation or implantation, sperm production/ quality, fetal loss

Question 4

In nutririonally stressed populations, lower probability of conception, but less control of fertility

Answer 4

• Birth intervals of ~3-4 years, total fertility of 5-7

Question 5

In industrialized populations, high probability of conception, but significant control of fertility

Answer 5

• Birth intervals of one year, total of 2-4

Question 6

Chimpanzees- short-term mating relationships

Answer 6

• Male choose for
  ~ High fecundity (conception likely)
  ~ High fertility females (experienced mothers)

Question 7

Humans- long-term mating relationships

Male choice

Answer 7

• High reproductive value
• Cues of high fecundity
• Females with low fertility (few preexisting children)

Question 8

For women

Answer 8

the ability to reproduce- fecundity- is highly sensitive to energy avilability

Question 9

Ovarian functions

Answer 9

• Most anaimals are able to conceive very quickly, but may lose many pregnancies or infants in poor conditions
• Humans have a much harder time conceiving but lose fewer infants
• Human infants are extrz expensive- require a cautious strategy to aviod lost time and energy

Question 10

The probability of conception is up and down-regulated in reponse to theri energetic condition

Answer 10

• not just on and off, but continual variation

- Adaptive regulation of reproductive timing to proobability of sucess

Question 11

The probability of conception is up and down-regulated in repose to their energetic condition

Answer 11

• not just on and off, but continual variation

- Adaptive regulation of reproductive timing to probability of success

Question 12

Energy balance

Answer 12

• The difference between calories consumed and calories expended
• Positive energy balancy -= weight gain
• Negative energy balance = weight loss
• High energy balance results in the accumulation of fat, but energy balance is not the same as ‘fatness’
  % Body fat or BMI have relatively little effect of fecundity

Question 13

Energy balance

Answer 13

• The difference between calories consumed and calories expended
• Positive energy balance -= weight gain
• Negative energy balance = weight loss
• High energy balance results in the accumulation of fat, but energy balance is not the same as ‘fatness’
  % Body fat or BMI have relatively little effect of fecundity

Question 14

For men

Answer 14

• energy availability is less of a constraint on fecundity because direct reproductive costs are low
• men in poor energy balance still produce viable sperm

Question 15

Population variation in testosterone may be important for other reasons

Answer 15

• high testosterrone is costly to the immune system and promotes costly muscle growth during development

Question 16

monogamy

Answer 16

one male and one female mate exclusively (short or long-term)

Question 17

Polygyny

Answer 17

• One male with two ro more females
• should occur when a female require resources from males and males have great variation in resources holding
• May be favored if females gain higher reproductive success by becoming the second (or third) mate/wife of a wealthier male then by becoming the sole mate/wife of a poor male

Question 18

Polygyny

Answer 18

• One male with two ro more females
• should occur when a female require resources from males and males have great variation in resources holding
• May be favored if females gain higher reproductive success by becoming the second (or third) mate/wife of a wealthier male then by becoming the sole mate/wife of a poor male
• is infrequent among hunter-gatherers, due to low variance in male wealth/status and amont of direct labor required to support families

Question 19

Polygynandry (promiscuous)

Answer 19

• both males and females have multiple partners

Question 20

Polygynandry (promiscuous)

Answer 20

• both males and females have multiple partners

Question 21

Bride wealth

Answer 21

men and their families make major gifts to the fmailies of brides, such as livestock, $$

Question 22

Bride service

Answer 22

• occurs where resources cannot be accumlated (small-scale societies)
• Men hunt or work for their parents-in-law, sometimes for years

Question 23

Bride service

Answer 23

• occurs where resources cannot be accumlated (small-scale societies)
• Men hunt or work for their parents-in-law, sometimes for years

Question 24

Human polyandry

Answer 24

• rare
  ~ Occurs inNepal and Tibetan highland cultures where land in limited
• Families pass land on to a single daughter who marries a family of brothers
• Husbands work the land

Question 25

Hunter-gatherer

Answer 25

``` - Substance ~ wild foods - Role of Women ~ Important - Social stratification ~low - Mating ~ Limited polygyny - Paternal care ~ High - Total Fertility ~ 5 ```

Question 26

Horticulruralists

Answer 26

``` - Substance ~ small famrs and wild foods - Role of Women ~ Important - Socail stratification ~ low - Mating system ~ Limited or general polygyny - Paternal car ~ Moderate - Total fertility ~ 6 ```

Question 27

Pastoralists

Answer 27

``` - Substance ~ Livestocj - Role of Women ~ Moderate - Social stratification ~ Very High - Mating system ~ Limited ot general polygyny - Paternal Care ~ Low - Total fertility ~ 5.5 ```

Question 28

Agriculturalists

Answer 28

``` - Substance ~ Intense farming - Role of woman ~ low - Socail stratification ~ Very High - Mating system ~ anything goes - Paternal care ~ low - Total fertiltiy ~6.5 ```

Question 29

Industrial

Answer 29

``` - Substance ~ Market - Role of woman ~ Variable - Social stratification ~ Moderate-high - Mating system ~ Monogamy - Paternal care ~ moderate - Total fertility ~ [2] ```