Neuroscience > Module B-01 > Flashcards

Module B-01 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 major cell types in CNS and PNS

A

1) Neurons

2) Glia

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2
Q

Functions of Glia

A
  • Supportive
  • Protective (cushion and ideal chemical environment)
  • Regulatory
  • Electrically Insulated
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3
Q

Define Neurites

A

axons and dendrites

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4
Q

Describe neuronal cell membrane

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer with ion channels , receptors and other protein complexes
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5
Q

Describe neuronal nucleus

A

bilayered porous membrane that contains DNA

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6
Q

Nissl substance consists of_______ and produces______

A

RNA granules ; Proteins

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7
Q

Location of Nissl substance

A

Cell body and proximal regions of dendrites

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8
Q

describe mitochondria

A

Bilayered organelle involved in energy generation

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9
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • vesicular packaging

- modification and transport of products of Nissl substance

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

scavenger vesicles loaded with degratory enzymes

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11
Q

3 types of Cytoskeleton filaments

A

1) Microtubules
2) Neurofilaments/Intermediate Filaments
3) MIcrofilaments

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12
Q

Functions of Cytoskeleton filaments

A
  • Change shape during cell growth and regenration
  • Maintain shape in Mature cell
  • Transport of material
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13
Q

Microtubules are polymers of___________

A

alpha, Beta and Gamma tubulin

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14
Q

How do microtubules grow?

A

-addition of tubulin dimers which are the cross linked by Tau protein (alzheimer’s)

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15
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Forms Tracts for the 2 axonal transport

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16
Q

Anterograde transport aka

A

orthograde

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17
Q

Protein involved in anterograde axonal transport is ________ and retrograde is ________

A

Kinesin; Dynein

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18
Q

In which direction does Kinesin move on along the microtubules?

A

towards the positive end of the micortubule and becomes inactivated at nerve ending

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19
Q

What type of proteins are Kinesin and Dynein?

A

ATPases

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20
Q

In which direction does Dynein move on along the microtubules?

A

towards negative end of microtubule and becomes inactivated at the soma

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21
Q

Function of Retrograde transport

A
  • NGF transport after endocytosis at teh nerve terminal towards the soma
  • recycled vesicles and lysosomes
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22
Q

3 Types of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)
nestin
vimentin

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23
Q

Function of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

create scaffolding of cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Structure of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments

A

Highly polymerized with little turnover

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25
Number of Neurofilaments/Intermediate filaments in neurons is dependant on _________
Axonal Diameter (radial development)
26
_________ is similar to myosin of muscle in that it has binding sites for large structures
Kinesin
27
Actin is a type of __________
Microfilament
28
Function of Microfilament
- participates in advancement of Growth Cone | - synaptic vesicle endocytosis during vesicle recycling (actin)
29
Location of Microfilaments
forms a network just below the cell membrane
30
How is dendritic transport different from axonal?
microtubule are in mixed orientation for selective movement to dendrites rather than axons
31
Rate of Axoplasmic flow
1mm/day
32
neuron with multiple dendrites
Multipolar
33
Multipolar neuron with long axons are called ________ and those with short axons are called ________
Golgi type I (Motor) ; Golgi type II (inhibitory)
34
Neurons with elongated cell body and two processes
Bipolar
35
Function of Bipolar
Special sensory systems like retina and CN 8 (visual and auditory)
36
neurons with 2 axonal processes that diverge from a stalk of the cell body
Pseudounipolar
37
Example of Pseudounipolar
sensory neurons that form the Dorsal Root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
38
Class A fibers
Myelinated neurons
39
Class C fibers
Unmyelinated neurons
40
Myelination _______ speed of conduction
increases
41
categorization of neurons according to myelination
Class A and C
42
Categorization of neurons according to Axonal diameter
Class I, II, III and IV
43
Class I
Largest diameter and most rapid conducting
44
Class II and III
intermediate diameter and intermediate conduction speeds
45
Class IV
Smallest, unmyelinated and slowest (Class C)
46
How do inhibitory neurons inhibit
release transmitter that polarize and stabalize membrane
47
What dictates whether a neuron has inhibitory or excitatory effect?
Receptors on postsynaptic neurons , not the transmitter
48
6 types of glia
- Astrocytes - Microglia - Oligodendrocytes - Ependymal cells - Tanycytes - Choroidal epithelial cells
49
Most numerous cell type in CNS
Astrocytes
50
Functions of Astrocytes
- Maintain ionic homeostasis - Maintain synaptic homeostatis - Regulate cerebral blood flow - Protect neurons from oxidative damage - Supply lactate to glucose-deprived neurons - Direct differentiation of neuronal precursors (releasing growth factors) - Release cholesterol (a component of the lipid structure of membranes) - Increase numbers of synapses - Release gliotransmitters - Uptake of excess K+ through ion channels
51
What transmitters do astrocytes take up at the synaptic cleft?
glutamate, glycine and monoamines
52
What Gliotransmitters do Astrocytes release?
Glutamate, D-serine and ATP
53
Which 2 types of glial cell forms Gliotic scar (gliosis) during Brian and Spinal cord damage?
Astrocytes and ependymal cells
54
Effect of high extracellular K+ levels on neuron
Depolarizes the neuron
55
What is spatial buffering or potassium siphoning?
When astrocytic K+ ion channels that take up the excessive extracellular ions for shunting to neighboring astrocytes via gap junctions
56
__________ are Neuronal, astrocytic and oligodendrocytic progenitors
Radial Glia
57
2 locations where Radial glia persist
- Bergman glia in cerebellum | - Müller cells of the retina
58
Function of Microglia
Immunocompetent and phagocytic - Protect neurons from micro-organisms and toxic effects of cellular debris - Secrete neurotrophic or neuron survival factors upon activation - contribute to initiation of pathological neuronal degernation - Release cytotoxic molecules
59
Types of cytotoxic molecules released by microglia
o Proinflammatory cytokines o Reactive oxygen intermediates o Proteases
60
_________ myelinate axons of CNS neurons
Oligodendrocytes
61
Function of ependymal cells
Produce CSF form CSF-brain barrier produce neurons and glial cells after stroke
62
Location of Ependymal cells
walls of ventricles
63
Function of Choroid plexus epithelial cells
- Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | - transfer molecules from blood into CSF
64
Tanycytes are derived from
Radial Glia
65
Function of Tanycytes
Interface between CSF and Blood | allow sampling by homeostatic areas
66
Where do Schwann cells originate from
neural crest cells (both myelinated and unmyelinated)
67
Functions of Schwann cells
- myelination in PNS | - clearing cellular debris by phagocytosis
68
What happens to schwann cells of damaged axons
regress to immature state to support regeneration
69
Enteric glial cells are similar to _______
astrocytes
70
Where are satellite glia found?
in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
71
what type of glia are schwann cells, satellite and enteric glial cells?
PNS glia
72
Function of satellite cells
surround neurons to to regulate chemical environment
73
What happens during axonal transection of PNS
o Distal axonal segment degenerates o Proximal axonal segment may form sprouts o Schwann cells Proliferate, forming a guide tube  Release nerve growth factors, encouraging axonal regeneration  Re-myelinate the regenerating axon  Target cells may die unless reinnervated within denervated cells may die after 3 weeks
74
Rate of axon growth in remyleination
about 2 mm/day
75
Define Chromatolysis
Post traumatic neuronal swelling and dilution of of organelles
76
Anterograde transneuronal degeneration
death of denervated (postsynaptic) cell or neuron
77
Retrograde transneuronal degeneration
death of the cell presynaptic to the damaged cell
78
Wallerian degeneration
degeneration of the disconnected axon and terminal
79
Why doesn't regeneration occur in CNS?
- not enough NGF is secreted by the glial cells - oligodendrocytes don't form guide tubes as Schwann cells - Gliotic scars block axonal regrowth
80
All Tumors of the PNS are_________
Schwannomas
81
__ of tumors of brain and ____ of spinal cord are glial origin
50%; 25%
82
2 demyelinating autoimmune diseases
- Guillain Barre Syndrome (peripheral demyleinating) | - Multiple Sclerosis
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