Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Anus
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver and gallbladder
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Pancreatic Duct
Ampulla of Vater
Common Bile Duct
Jejunum
IIeum
2 TYPES OF CONTRACTIONS
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Parts of LARGE INTESTINE
○ Ileocecal Valve
○ Cecum
○ Appendix
○ Colon
○ Sigmoid
○ Rectum
2 types of colonic secretions
- Bicarbonate solution – to neutralize.
- Mucus – protects the colonic mucosa
Nursing health history
- Present health concern
- Past health history
- Family history
- Lifestyle and health pattern
TYPES OF ABDOMINAL PAIN
Visceral Pain
Parietal Pain
Patterns of bowel sounds.
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
OBSERVE COLORATION OF SKIN
- Redness, Pale, Yellowish, Bruises, Hematoma
- Nonhealing, redness, inflamed, keloids
- Changes in mole size, color, border symmetry,
wounds - Purple or bluish discoloration around umbilicus
INSPECT ABDOMINAL CONTOUR
- Distended
- from organ enlargement, large masses, bulging of
abdominal wall from hernia, bowel obstruction - Diminished abdominal respiration
- Exaggerated pulsation with abdominal aortic
aneurysm
TYPE OF
STOMATITIS
General - Tetracycline
Syrup
Herpes Simplex -Acyclovir
Fungal -Nystatin
Anti-Inflammatory Agents And Immune Modulators
● Triamcinolone in Benzocaine
● Dexamethasone
● Amlexanox
● Thalidomide
HISTAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Drug Names:
● famotidine (Pepcid)
● ranitidine (Zantac)
● cimetidine (Tagamet)
● nizatidine (Axid)
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
Drug Names:
● omeprazole (Priolosec)
● lansoprazole (Prevacid)
● rabeprazole (Aciphex)
● pantoprazole (Protonix)
● esomeprazole (Nexium)
Types of peptic ulcer disease
Gastric ulcer
○ Duodenal ulcers
○ Stress ulcers
Triple Therapy (PUD)
● Bismuth compound or proton-pump inhibitor
(omeprazole)
● Metronidazole
● Tetracycline or clarithromycin and amoxicillin
Hyposecretory Drugs
● Histamine Receptor Antagonists
● Proton Pump Inhibitors
● Prostaglandin Analogues
Mucosal Barrier Fortifiers
SUCRALFATE (CARAFATE)
TYPE/CAUSES OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS
1) LAENNEC’S- caused by ALCOHOLISM or hepatotoxic drugs.
2) POST-NECROTIC- caused by viral HEPATITIS or industrial hepatotoxins.
3) BILIARY - caused by BILIARY PROBLEMS
4) CARDIAC - caused by CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
TYPE OF HEPATITIS
● Hepatitis A (HAV): Infectious H.
● Hepatitis B (HBV): Serum H.
● Hepatitis C (HCV): non-A, non-B / Post-transfusion H.
● Hepatitis D 9HDV): Delta H.
Medication For Patient With Cirrhosis
) ANTACID - to prevent GI bleeding.
2) SPIRONOLACTONE - (Potassium-sparing diuretic) -
diuretic of choice to manage ascites; does not cause
hypokalemia.
3) FUROSEMIDE - diuretic given if a patient has
hyperkalemia after prolonged use of spironolactone.
4) VITAMIN K - prevents bleeding tendencies.
5) INTRAVENOUS ALBUMIN - to manage ascites and
edema.
6) DUPHALAC (Lactulose) reduces levels of ammonia.
7) NEOMYCIN SULFATE - reduce colonic bacteria
responsible for ammonia formation.
Prevention Of Bleeding Of Esophageal Varices
● Avoid Valsalva maneuver.
● Avoid bending or stooping.
● Avoid hot spicy foods.
● Avoid lifting heavy objects
