Molecules

Question 1

Hydrophillic

Answer 1

• water loving molecules

- polar molecules and ions dissolve readily

Question 2

Hydrophobic

Answer 2

• water hating

- non-polar molecules which do not dissolve in water

Question 3

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 3

• waters forcing non-polar molecules together

- this minimizes their effects on the hydrogen bonded molecules (ex. water)

Question 4

Chemical Bonds/Interactions Order of Strength.

Give a brief descriptions of each

Answer 4

covalent bond (relative sharing of electrons) > hydrogen bond (attraction of opposite charges; OH, FH, NH) > ionic bond (attraction of opposite charges) > hydrophobic interactions (exclusion of nonpolar molecules from water > van der Waals (interactino due to fluctuating electrical charges)

Question 5

Bond Energy

Answer 5

• amount of energy needed to separate two bonded or interacting atoms under physiological conditions

Question 6

Molarity

Answer 6

• 1 molar (1M) solution is one mole of of a compound dissolved in water to make one liter

Question 7

Acids

Answer 7

• release/donate H+ ions in solution
• complete dissociation (approx. 100%) means it’s a strong acid (HCl) and partial dissociation means or a easily reversible reaction means it’s a weak acid (carboxylic acids)

Question 8

Bases

Answer 8

• accept H+ ions in a solution (or releases OH-)
• strong bases dissociate 100%
• weak bases (anything with amino groups) dissociate partially and reversibly

Question 9

pH

Answer 9

• defined as the negative logarithm of the H+ concentration in moles/liter

Question 10

Buffers

Answer 10

• make overall solution resistant to pH change because they react with both acids and bases (ex. blood, stabilizing proteins)

Question 11

Why do buffers illustrate the “Law of Mass Action”?

Answer 11

• addition of reactants accelerates the reaction, and the addition of products accelerates the reverse reaction to keep in equilibrium

Question 12

List all important functional groups.

Answer 12

-hydroxide, phosphate, sulfhydryl, amino (amines), carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones), carboxyl

Question 13

Examples of Large Molecules

Answer 13

• proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

Question 14

What are the benefits of macromolecules?

Hint: think specific to Earth

Answer 14

• all made the same way in the same proportions

- allows biochemical unity on Earth

Question 15

What are polymers?

Answer 15

• large molecules made up of repeating sub-units called monomers
• Polymerization reaction: act of bonding together monomers into polymers

Question 16

Condensation reaction

Answer 16

• bonding of two monomers resulting in a polymer and water
• anabolic reaction which requires energy
• monomer in, water out

Question 17

Hydrolysis

Answer 17

• using water to break apart a polymer into monomers
• catabolic reaction which releases energy
• water in, monomer out

Question 18

What kind of side chains are present in amino acids? What is the general structure of an amino acid?

Answer 18

• nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged

- N-Terminus and C-Terminus