monera

Question 1

first scientific attempt for classification

Answer 1

aristotle

Question 2

2 kingdom classification

Answer 2

linnaeus

Question 3

three kingdom classification

Answer 3

haeckel

Question 4

four kingdom classification

Answer 4

copeland

Question 5

five kingdom classification

Answer 5

rh whittaker

Question 6

six kingdom classification

Answer 6

carl woese

Question 7

1. what are the 6 kingdoms
2. differentiate archaebacteria and eubacteria
3. on what basis did he divide the kingdoms into 3 domains of life
4. what was the common ancestor called

Answer 7

1. archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
2. archaebacteria doesnt have peptidoglycan and muramic acid in the cell wall, and also its cell membrane has unimembrane of branched chain lipids (phytanyl tail) instead phospholipid bilayer
   ribosomal proteins are acidic and dna contains introns
3. on the basis of sequence of 16S rRna
4. progenote

Question 8

obligate aerobe

Answer 8

bacillus subtilis

Question 9

obligate anaerobe

Answer 9

clostridium botulinum

Question 10

facultative aerobe

Answer 10

chlorobium

Question 11

facultative anaerobe

Answer 11

mycoplasma, plasmodium

Question 12

purple sulphur bacteria

Answer 12

thiospirillum

Question 13

green sulphur bacteria

Answer 13

chlorobium

Question 14

purple non sulphur bacteria

Answer 14

rhodospirillum

Question 15

green non sulphur bacteria

Answer 15

chloronema

Question 16

ammonia to nitrite bacteria

Answer 16

nitrosomonas, nitrococcus

Question 17

nitrite to nitrate bacteria

Answer 17

nitrobacter, nitrocystis

Question 18

iron bacteria

Answer 18

ferrobacillus leptothrix

Question 19

hydrogen bacteria

Answer 19

hydrogenomonas

Question 20

h2s to s bacteria

Answer 20

beggiatoa

Question 21

s to h2so4 bacteria

Answer 21

thiobacillus thioxidans

Question 22

free living, aerobic nitrogen fixers

Answer 22

azotobacter, beijerinckia, klebsiella, clostridium

Question 23

anaerobic nitrogen fixer

Answer 23

clostridium pasteurianum

Question 24

endospore formation
what is it made up of

Answer 24

bacillus, clostridium
calcium dipicolinic acid

Question 25

transformation

Answer 25

griffith (1928) diplococcus or streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 26

conjugation

Answer 26

lederberg and tatum (1946) e.coli

Question 27

transduction

Answer 27

zinder and lederberg (1952) salmonella typhimurium

Question 28

symbiotic nitrogen fixers

Answer 28

rhizobium, frankia, xanthomonas

Question 29

bacitracin

Answer 29

bacillus licheniformis

Question 30

retting of fibres

Answer 30

clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas fluorescence

Question 31

curing of leaves

Answer 31

tea (micrococcus candidans) tobacco (bacillus megatherium)

Question 32

erythromycin

Answer 32

streptomyces erythraeus

Question 33

methanogens

Answer 33

obligate anaerobe, chemoautotroph

Question 34

explain halophile membrane

Answer 34

purple due to presence of bacterio-rhodopsin which traps energy for synthesis of ATP but it is not used for food

Question 35

halophile

Answer 35

heterotroph, facultative anaerobe

Question 36

thermoacidophile

Answer 36

chemosynthetic

Question 37

red sea

Answer 37

trichodesmium erythrium

Question 38

what are cyanelles

Answer 38

when cyanobacteria live endozoically in protozoans

Question 39

what are cyanobacteria characterised by

Answer 39

-absence of flagella throughout life cycle -4 layered cell wall -central colourless centroplasm, peripheral protoplasm is -pigmented due to thylakoids called chromoplasm -lamellosome connects membrane to nucleoid -sap vacuoles are replaced by gas vacuoles

Question 40

what are the pigments in cyanobacteria

Answer 40

phycocyanin (blue) phycoerythrin (red) allophycocyanin (light blue) chlorophyll a

Question 41

describe photosytems in heterocysts

Answer 41

it lacks ps-ii and co2 is only done in vegetative cells it has ps-i tho which generates ATP required to fix N2

Question 42

which bga have been used to reclaim soil

Answer 42

nostoc, anabena

Question 43

which bgas cause algal blooms

Answer 43

microcystis aeruginosa anabaena flos-aquae aphanizomenon flos-aqaue

Question 44

who discovered PPLO

Answer 44

nocard and roux

Question 45

what are the various names of PPLO and who named them

Answer 45

borrel named it asterococcus mycoides and nowak named it mycoplasma

Question 46

describe the reproduction of mycoplasma and also their dna

Answer 46

they reproduce by formation of elementary bodies they have liner double stranded dna extending throughout the cell

Question 47

what is the smallest prokaryote

Answer 47

mycoplasma gallisepticum

Question 48

what diseases do mycoplasma cause

Answer 48

potato witch's broom little leaf of brinjal both in plants apart from pleuropneumonia in cattle