Monera

Question 1

What kind of “karyotes” are Monera?

Answer 1

Monera are prokaryotes.

Question 2

What are the three types of shapes for Monera?

Answer 2

• Spherical
• Rod
• Spiral

Question 3

What are the three diseases associated with each shape of Monera?

Answer 3

Spherical - Pneumonia
Rod - E.coli
Spiral - syphilis

Question 4

How do Monera reproduce?

Answer 4

Asexually through binary fission.

Question 5

How does binary fission work?

Answer 5

1. The chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane and the DNA is replicated.
2. The cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate.
3. The cell wall grows to divide the cell in two.
4. Two identical daughter cells are formed.

Question 6

How long on average does it take for bacteria to reproduce?

Answer 6

20 minutes

Question 7

What is an endospore?

Answer 7

An endospore is a dormant form of the bacterium that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions.

Question 8

How do endospores form?

Answer 8

1. The bacterial chromosomes replicate.
2. The parent cell breaks down and the endospore remains dormant.
3. when conditions are favourable, the spores absorb water, break their walls and reproduce.

Question 9

What is an autotroph?

Answer 9

An organism which can make its own food.

Question 10

What is a heterotroph?

Answer 10

An organism which cannot make its own food and relies on food from other organisms.

Question 11

Give one example of photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 11

Purple sulphur bacteria

Question 12

Give one example of chemosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 12

Nitrifying bacteria

Question 13

Give one example of Saprophytic bacteria.

Answer 13

Bacteria of decay in the soil

Question 14

Give one example of parasitic bacteria.

Answer 14

Anthrax

Question 15

What are the 5 factors affecting the growth of bacteria?

Answer 15

• Temperature
• Oxygen levels
• pH
• External solute concentration
• Pressure

Question 16

What must bacteria stay at 20-30 degrees for it to grow well?

Answer 16

If the temperature is too high, the enzymes will become denatured and if the temperature is too low, the rate of reactions of enzymes will slow down. resulting in slower growth.

Question 17

Why is pH important to monitor with bacteria?

Answer 17

If a bacterium is placed in an unsuitable pH, it’s enzymes will become denatured.

Question 18

What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 18

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for respiration while Anaerobic do not.

Question 19

What’s the difference between Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes?

Answer 19

Facultative anaerobes can respire with or without oxygen whereas Obligate anaerobes can only respire in the absence of oxygen.

Question 20

How does external solute concentration effect bacteria?

Answer 20

Bacteria can gain or lose water through osmosis (food preservation).

Question 21

Why is it important to keep the pressure of the bacteria at a moderate level?

Answer 21

The growth of bacteria is inhibited by high pressure.

Question 22

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 22

An antibiotic is a substance produced by a microorganism that stops the growth of, or kills other microorganisms without damaging human tissue.

Question 23

How can bacteria develop a resistance to an antibiotic?

Answer 23

Mutations in the bacteria.

Question 24

What’s asepsis?

Answer 24

What’s asepsis?

Question 25

What's sterile?

Answer 25

When all microorganisms are destroyed.

Question 26

What's inoculation?

Answer 26

The addition of cells to the nutrient medium.

Question 27

What's incubation?

Answer 27

The growing of microbes in a warm environment.

Question 28

What are two ways of disposing of bacteria?

Answer 28

Sterilising all Petri dishes or placing them in Dettol for 24 hours.

Question 29

When is the lag phase and what's the growth like in this stage?

Answer 29

The lag phase is the first stage (after the inoculation) and the rate of growth begins to increase towards the end of this phase (from the cells getting used to their new environment).

Question 30

When is the log phase and what's the growth like in this stage?

Answer 30

The log phase is the second stage and during this stage, there is a rapid growth due to the fact there is few waste products and plenty of nutrients.

Question 31

When is the stationary phase and what's the growth like in this stage?

Answer 31

The stationary phase is the third stage and during this stage, the growth of cells level off because the nutrients are being used up and the waste products are increasing.

Question 32

When is the death phase and what's the growth like in this stage?

Answer 32

The death phase is the fourth (and final) stage of the Growth Curve for Bacteria. During this phase, more bacteria are dying than being produced due to very little nutrients left and the bacteria being poisoned by a large amount of waste.

Question 33

What's a bioreactor?

Answer 33

A bioreactor is a vessel in which biological reactions take place.

Question 34

What products can be made from modern bio-processing?

Answer 34

Dairy products and vitamins.

Question 35

What is the process for Batch Food Processing?

Answer 35

1. Sterile nutrients are added to the microorganisms in the bioreactor. 2. The bacteria go through the growth curve. 3. Reaction is stopped before the death phase. 4. At the end, The bioreactor is cleaned out and the product and separated from the rest of the solution. 5. The bioreactor is cleaned out and re-sterilised where the process can be repeated.

Question 36

What is the process for Continuous Flow Food Processing?

Answer 36

1. Nutrients are continuously fed into the bioreactor. 2. At the same time, the culture medium is withdrawn. 3. Microorganisms are maintained in the log phase and can be continued uninterrupted for a long period of time.