Moral Development

Question 1

From the evolutionary perspective, how does moral reasoning in infancy help us?

Answer 1

To live together in social groups

Question 2

At ages 6-10 months old, describe how moral reasoning manifests in children when presented with puppets.

Answer 2

They prefer ‘helping’ puppets over ‘hindering’ puppets, suggesting in innate sense of morals

Question 3

What did Kohlberg’s Theory of moral reasoning suggest?

Answer 3

There are 3 levels of moral reasoning

Question 4

In Kohlberg’s theory, what are the 3 levels of moral reasoning and what do they contain?

Answer 4

1. Preconventional - obedience, individualism (infancy - childhood)
2. Conventional - developing positive relationships, maintaining social order (adolescence to adulthood)
3. Postconventional - social contract and individual rights, universal principles (adulthood for some, but not all)

Question 5

What are the 3 standards/domains of social/moral behaviours?

Answer 5

1. Social domain
2. Personal domain
3. Moral domain

Question 6

Activism and strikes demonstrate a sense of justice by taking a moral stand - what does this show?

Answer 6

It shows moral reasoning and agency

Question 7

What are modesty lies?

Answer 7

Lying to avoid receiving praise for performing a good deed

Question 8

According to the Modesty Lie Study, how do Chinese and Canadian children differ?

Answer 8

Chinese children are more likely to tell modesty lies because their culture influences them to act in this way

Question 9

What are prosocial behaviours?

Answer 9

Voluntary behaviour intended to benefit others

Question 10

According to twin studies, what type of twins are more alike in prosocial behaviours?

Answer 10

Identical twins

Question 11

What hormone promotes genes that may have a component to prosocial behaviour?

Answer 11

Oxytocin

Question 12

What type of behaviour violates the rights or harms other people?

Answer 12

Antisocial behaviour

Question 13

What are the 4 types of aggression?

Answer 13

1. Instrumental aggression - meant to achieve a certain goal
2. Hostile aggression - motivated by a desire to hurt someone
3. Reactive aggression - in response to a real or perceived threat or frustration
4. Relational aggression - harm within relationships rooted from manipulation or bullying

Question 14

How is cyber-bullying different from traditional bullying?

Answer 14

It is more persistent in nature, and has higher rates among girls

Question 15

What are 4 potential roots of aggression?

Answer 15

1. Genetics
2. Family impact
3. Living in a “violent culture”
4. Cognitive factors

Question 16

How many murders do children see on TV before they reach adolescence?

Answer 16

Several thousands

Question 17

True or false: playing violent video games leads to significantly higher aggression.

Answer 17

False, but not zero

Question 18

True or false: playing competitive video games leads to significantly higher aggression.

Answer 18

True