What are motives?
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions
What does motivation involve?
Goal-directed behaviour
Who explored drive theories most fully?
Clark Hull in the 1940s and 1950s
What is the drive concept based on?
Homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium or stability
Define a drive.
An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that reduce this tension
What happens when an organism experiences a drive?
They are motivated to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction
What is an example of a drive system?
Hunger
What do incentive theories propose?
External stimuli regulate motivational states
What is an incentive?
An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour
Contrast drive theories and incentive theories.
Drive theories emphasize internal states (push), while incentive theories emphasize external stimuli (pull)
In expectancy-value models, what are the two factors that determine motivation?
Expectancy about attaining the incentive and the value of the desired incentive
What do evolutionary theories assert about human motives?
They are products of evolution and maximize reproductive success
How do evolutionary theories explain the need for dominance?
It provides a reproductive or survival advantage
What are some adaptive benefits of the affiliation motive?
- Help with offspring
- Collaboration in hunting and gathering
- Mutual defence
- Opportunities for sexual interaction
What is the significance of achievement, power, and intimacy in motivational studies?
They are heavily studied because their satisfaction likely affects reproductive success
What types of motives do humans display?
- Biological motives (hunger, thirst, sex)
- Social motives (achievement, affiliation, autonomy, dominance, order)
What will be explored after discussing motivational systems?
Elements of emotional experience and various theories of emotion
Fill in the blank: Motivation involves _______.
[goal-directed behaviour]
True or False: Drive theories emphasize external stimuli as the source of motivation.
False
Fill in the blank: An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to _______.
[motivate behaviour]
Fill in the blank: The drive concept is based on _______.
[homeostasis]
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Dietary Restraints11
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Sexual Motivation and Behaviour19
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Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Behaviour17
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The Mystery of Sexual Orientation21
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The Need to Belong: Affiliation Motivation13
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Achievement: In Search of Excellence16
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Motivation21
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The Motivation of Hunger and Eating17
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Digestive and Hormonal Regulation12
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Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger18
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Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity23
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Emotions14
