What is motor control?
Is an area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement. Movements are driven by closed (feedback) and open (feedback) motor programs
List the motor control stages sequence
- Stimulus
- Identification
- Response Selection
- Response Programming
- Movement output
List the three motor control theories
Reflex Theory, Hierarchical theory, and systems theory
Reflex Theory
- Created by who?
- What type of sequence?
- How many primary limitations?
- Sir Charles Sherrington
- Stimulus-response sequence
- 3 primary limitations
Hierarchical Theory
- Created by…?
- Top-down or Down-top CNS progression?
- How many levels of control?
- Hughlings Jackson
- Top-down CNS progression
- 3 primary levels of control
Systems Theory
- Created by…?
- What type of model of control?
- ______ of freedom
- Nokolai Bernstein
- Distributed model of control
- Degrees of freedom
What is motor learning?
A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior and is highly dependent upon patient familiarity and past experience with the task
List the 3 motor learning stages
Cognitive - what
Associative - how
Autonomous- success
Motor learning theories (2)
Closed-loop motor learning theory
Schema motor learning theory
Closed-loop motor learning theory
Closed-loop system using perceptual trace and reference for correctness
Schema motor learning theory
- slow movements are feedback-based
- fast movements are program-based
Recovery of Motor Function (2)
- Spontaneous Recovery
- diaschisis
- Function-Induced Recovery
- vicariance
- redundancy
- functional re-organization/substitution
Clinical Applications of Motor Learning (7)
Clinical sequencing Clinical measurements Clinical intervention philosophies Strategy development Feedback Feedback schedules Practice
Clinical Sequencing (4)
Mobility
Stability
controlled mobility
skill
Clinical Measurements (4)
Performance
Retention and retention interval
Generalizability
Resistance to contextual change
Clinical Intervention Philosophies
Compensatory training
Neuromotor development training
-NDT & PNF
Task-specific training
-motor learning/task-oriented learning
Strategy Development (3)
Guidance
Active decision making
Strategy refinement
Feedback
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
- knowledge of results (KR)
- knowledge of performance (KP)
Feedback Schedules (4)
Summed feedback (e.g., after every other trial) Faded feedback (given less as progress is made) Bandwidth feedback (outside given error range) Delayed feedback (after 3 sec. delay)
Practice (7)
Massed vs. distributed practice Blocked vs. random practice Practice order: blocked, serial, random Mental practice/ motor imagery Part vs. whole task practice Transference of learning (bilateral transfer) Closed vs. open environments
According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training should include all of the following
faded feedback
breaking tasks into their component parts
activities that are extrinsically relevant to the patient context-specific motor tasks
variety of practice environments
According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training is associated with all of the following
neuroplasticity
passive manual therapy
treatments focused on functional activity versus impairment
According to Hubbard et al, task-specific training:
a. is only intended for stroke patients
b. should not include randomly assigned tasks
c. is anecdotal due to the lack of empirical research
According to Dickstein and Deutsch, an example of external motor imagery (MI) training is:
imagining how the movement will look
