Motor Learning

Question 1

what is motor learning?

Answer 1

the ability to learn and produce a desired outcome

Question 2

what is a skill

Answer 2

the ability to do something well, arising from talent, training or practice

Question 3

what are motor skills

Answer 3

• ability to produce a consistent motor pattern(ex. Diving, passing)
• ability to produce a consistent environmental event (ex. Layup in a basketball game)

Question 4

skill classifications

Closed Skill

Answer 4

Description: skills that are performed “without reference” to the environment
- it’s always done in the same enviroment (no one is effecting the doer)
- ex. gymnastics -> a gymnast doing a balanced beam routine (or anything that is judged)
- ex. archery -> shooting an arrow at a target under no conditions

Question 5

skill classifications

open skills

Answer 5

description:** skills that are performed in a changing environment (you have to adjust to the environment all the time)**
ex: team sports (soccer, basketball, hocky…)

Question 6

Skills exist on a continuum

Answer 6

gymnastics - prue closed
bowling - close to closed
golf - middle to near open (wind etc)
volleyball - closed to open
basketball - pure open

Question 7

skill classification

Discrete Skill

Answer 7

has a definite beginning and end
- very brief duration
- ex. throwing a ball or discus
- ex. lifting weights (i.e. deadlift, back squat)

Question 8

skill classification

Continuous skill

Answer 8

has no particular beginning or end
ex. swimming, running, cycling

Question 9

skill classification

Serial skills

Answer 9

a group of discrete skills to make a new more complicated skill
- Ex. tumbling in gymnastics, spiking a volleyball, goalkeeper in soccer making a high ball save.

Question 10

Readiness for learning

Answer 10

The preparedness of someone to learn a new skill effectively
consists: maturation, motivation, and prior experiences

Question 11

readiness for learning

maturation

Answer 11

description: need certain organized patterns of growth established before learning can effectively contribute to development
ex. teaching a child to walk before they are pysically ready does not lead to the greatest outcome

Question 12

readiness for learning

Prior experience

Answer 12

**Descriptioin: development occurs as a result of a child adapting to demands of the environment, and intellectualizing that adjustment
**
- Assimilation: interpreting new experiences
- Accommodation: adjusting thought processes to deal with new experiences

Question 13

readiness for learning

Motivation

Answer 13

state of being energized to engage in an activity.
- drive to learn new skills through motivaiton influences their willingness to try new things.

Question 14

how do we learn?

Answer 14

• similar to computers
• we follow a process(sensory inpot->perception->decision->action->outcome->feedback)

Question 15

How do we learn?

Sensory input

Answer 15

• info from sensory receptors and environment about movement
• pass info along nerves to brain
• this is called afference

Question 16

How do we learn?

Perception

Answer 16

• brain processes info, organizes, gives info a meaning
• past experience helps

Question 17

How do we learn?

Decision

Answer 17

brain decides on an action

Question 18

ThHow do we learn?

Action

Answer 18

• message is sent to appropriate muscle to respond
• message sent via motor neurons to motor units in the muscle
• this is called efference

Question 19

How do we learn?

Outcome

Answer 19

The resulting movement (i.e. muscle contracts)

Question 20

ThHow do we learn?

Feedback

Answer 20

back to sensory input

Question 21

stages of learning

verbal-cognitive stage

Answer 21

• task is completely new to learner
• learner determines what to do, and what goals are
• improvement is rapid
• movements are jerky and fragmented at first, based on previous learning
• self-talk and attention demands are high (highly focused on task)

Question 22

stages of learning

Motor Stage (Associative)

Answer 22

• cognitive problems are solved
• start organizing more effective mov’t patterns
• Performance increases rapidly
• consistency increases
• require less energy to perform task
• less self-talk needed
• anticipation develops, helps make movements smoother start to monitor own feedback

Question 23

stages of learning

Autonomous Stage

Answer 23

• actions become automatic, require no attention
• motor programs well developed
• decrease in attention demands allows individual to perform higher order cognitive activities
• self-confidence increases, ability to detect your own errors increases

Question 24

What is feedback?

Answer 24

feedback is any sensory in formation about a movement. Helpful in the learning process

Question 25

# feedback Where do we get feedback from?

Answer 25

intrinsic -the performer's body (the feel of the movement) extrinsic - the environment (consequences of your action)

Question 26

# 3 types of feed back Visual feedback

Answer 26

- viewing a demonstration, visualizing correct performance, making mental pictures - spatial awareness - understanding where your body is in relation to things in your environment

Question 27

# 3 types of feed back Auditory feedback

Answer 27

- cues you hear - examples: coach yelling "good hit"; sound of the racquet when the ball hits; swoosh of a basketball net

Question 28

# 3 types of feed back Kinesthetic feedback

Answer 28

receptor in our body which gives us cues - inner ear fluid -> important for balance and motion - temperature receptors -> role in reflexes (shiver when cold) - muscle spindles -> in belly of muscle, senses changes in length of muscle and speed of stretching, signals motor neurons to resist stretch (knee jerk reflex) - golgi-tendon organs -> in the tendons, sense tension in muscles, sends signal to relax muscle - pacenian corpuscles -> found in deep layers on skin, detect pressure and vibration in the skin - joint receptors -> give information about position, movement, acceleration, or pain in joint

Question 29

# five phases of a skill 1-preliminary movements

Answer 29

- movements performed to get ready to do the skill, includes footwork and body positioning movements (ex. stand a certain position before racing)

Question 30

# five phases of a skill 2-Backswing or Recovery Movements

Answer 30

movements performed just before they execute force-producing movements ex. backswing in tennis shots, or arm recovery in swimming

Question 31

# five phases of a skill 3-Force-producing Movements

Answer 31

movements done to produce force for impact or propulsion

Question 32

# five phases of a skill 4-Critical Instant

Answer 32

point that determines a skill's effectiveness ex. the instant of release, or movement of contact, instant of takeoff

Question 33

# five phases of a skill 5-Follow-Through

Answer 33

body movements that occur after the critical instant, slows body parts down gradually and helps prevent injury ex. proper landing after you jump to hit the tennis ball