What syndrome has the features
miosis (small pupil)
ptosis
enophthalmos* (sunken eye)
anhidrosis (loss of sweating one side)
Horner’s Syndrome
Hydatid disease is treated with
albendazole
Cranial nerve VI - The abducens nerve innerves what and is responsible for what?
Lateral Rectus and abduction of the pupil passed the midline
Define Sensitivity
the proportion of patients with the condition who have a positive test result.
Define Specificity
the proportion of patients without the condition who have a negative test result.
Mutation in the SCN5A gene is associated with what
Brugada Syndrome
Clostridium tetani ie Tetanis pathogenesis
Inhibition of GABA and glycine release
Pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with positive response to vasodilator testing - management
Negative response
Calcium channel blocker
a negative response to acute vasodilator testing (the vast majority of patients)
prostacyclin analogues: treprostinil, iloprost
endothelin receptor antagonists
non-selective: bosentan
selective antagonist of endothelin receptor A: ambrisentan
phosphodiesterase inhibitors: sildenafil
Explain the cause and features of Gitelman’s syndrome
defect in the thiazide-sensitive Na+ Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule.
Features
normotension
hypokalaemia
hypocalciuria
hypomagnesaemia
metabolic alkalosis
Inducers of the P450 system have what effect on Warfarin
Over-metabolised warfain therefore Reduce INR
subacute (De Quervain’s) thyroiditis management
Naproxen - self limiting thyrotoxicosis post viral infection
The majority of gastrinomas are found in
first part of the duodenum
Elliptocytes are seen in
iron deficiency, thalassaemia
Heinz bodies are seen in
alpha-thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
schistocytes are seen in
DIC due to microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
Howell-Jolly bodies are seen in
reduced splenic activity
Spherocytes are seen in
hereditary spherocytosis
most common malignancy secondary to immunosuppression
Squamous cell carcinoma
Congo red staining: apple-green birefringence is seen in
Amyloidosis
Characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
positive cold agglutination test → peripheral blood smear may show red blood cell agglutination
Skin prick tests are typically used to diagnose…
IgE mediated allergies such as food on pollen
Wegener was a Nazi
Nazi’s are C***s
- C-ANCA
- Crescentic glomerulonephritis
diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis
Definition and treatment of mild, mod and servere Ulcerative Colitis
mild: < 4 stools/day, only a small amount of blood
moderate: 4-6 stools/day, varying amounts of blood, no systemic upset
severe: >6 bloody stools per day + features of systemic upset (pyrexia, tachycardia, anaemia, raised inflammatory markers)
proctitis
topical (rectal) aminosalicylate: for distal colitis rectal mesalazine has been shown to be superior to rectal steroids and oral aminosalicylates
if remission is not achieved within 4 weeks, add an oral aminosalicylate
if remission still not achieved add topical or oral corticosteroid
proctosigmoiditis and left-sided ulcerative colitis
topical (rectal) aminosalicylate
if remission is not achieved within 4 weeks, add a high-dose oral aminosalicylate OR switch to a high-dose oral aminosalicylate and a topical corticosteroid
if remission still not achieved stop topical treatments and offer an oral aminosalicylate and an oral corticosteroid
extensive disease
topical (rectal) aminosalicylate and a high-dose oral aminosalicylate:
if remission is not achieved within 4 weeks, stop topical treatments and offer a high-dose oral aminosalicylate and an oral corticosteroid
