MSK 2

Question 1

how many organs are there in the body?

Answer 1

22

Question 2

how many types of cells are there?

Answer 2

200

Question 3

How many different types of tissue in the body?

Answer 3

4

Question 4

What are the different types of tissue in the body?

Answer 4

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

Question 5

Connective tissue

Answer 5

mechanical support
fibroblasts 
chondrocytes
adipocytes
everywhere in body
most abundant tissue
binds tissues together
acts as a framework
wound repair
initiates inflammatory response

Question 6

Composition of connective tissue

Answer 6

fixed cells 
free cells 
fibres
extracellular matrix
collagen
elastin

Question 7

What are the free cells in connective tissue?

Answer 7

Immune cells

Inflammatory cells

Question 8

What are the 2 types of connective tissue?

Answer 8

loose and dense connective tissue

Question 9

What are the types of dense connective tissue

Answer 9

regular collagenous
regular elastic
irregular

Question 10

Regular Dense connective tissue

Answer 10

resistance to traction forces

regular orientation of collagen fibres or elastic fibres

Question 11

Irregular dense connective tissue

Answer 11

mechanical support - used in skin

Question 12

Loose connective tissue

Answer 12

cellular
most common
soft
pliable
retain excess fluid 
used to support the outside of organs 
transport of cells and materials

Question 13

cartilage

Answer 13

specialised form of connective tissue

Question 14

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 14

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

Question 15

Epithelial cells

Answer 15

cover organ surfaces

and in body coverings

Question 16

functions of epithelial cells

Answer 16

protection
absorption
filtration
secretion

Question 17

classification of epithelial cells

Answer 17

number of cells - simple/ stratified

shape - squamous, cuboidal or columnar

Question 18

Osmolarity

Answer 18

Determined by the number of active particles per unit volume

Question 19

High osmolarity

Answer 19

high solute concentration

Question 20

osmotic pressure

Answer 20

is equal when molecular concentrations are equal

Question 21

pressure exerted by 1 mole of glucose in 1L of water

Answer 21

1osm/L

Question 22

Osmolality

Answer 22

number of osmoles per Kg of solvent

Question 23

Tonicity

Answer 23

after the loss of particles from the administered solution is taken up this is the remaining osmotic pressure of the original solution

Question 24

why is crossing the membrane important?

Answer 24

getting into a cell
being absorbed from intestine
crossing BBB
reaching the fetus via placenta

Question 25

Membrane composition

Answer 25

phospholipid bilayer semi-permeable studded with proteins - partial or full thickness

Question 26

Aquaporins

Answer 26

passive water channels trans-membrane proteins charged walls - allow H2O through as walls repel charged particles

Question 27

main intracellular cation

Answer 27

K+

Question 28

main extracellular cation

Answer 28

Na+

Question 29

Pinocytosis

Answer 29

infoldings/ invaginations of the membrane from vesicles around particles. The vesicles drift and deposit the particles

Question 30

Hyponatraemia

Answer 30

Major transfer of water into cells because of IV fluids given weren't isotonic - too much glucose is all taken up straight away and not enough sodium in the IV fluids so the cells have a higher osmolarity so water moves into them. Results in swelling of the brain causing death .

Question 31

What fractures can be associated with life threatening blood loss

Answer 31

femur and pelvic

Question 32

foot drop

Answer 32

damage to common peroneal nerve/ common fibular nerve caused by fracture to fibula head

Question 33

wrist drop

Answer 33

damage to radial nerve caused by a mid shaft of humerus fracture

Question 34

Colles fracture

Answer 34

fracture of the distal end of the radius and the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Question 35

Smiths fracture

Answer 35

Reverse colles fracture, distal fragment is displaced anteriorly

Question 36

Segond fracture

Answer 36

avulsion fracture, when a tendon pulls off a piece of bone

Question 37

Salter harris fractures

Answer 37

involves unfused growth plates

Question 38

Weber fractures

Answer 38

fractures of the ankle - lateral malleolus

Question 39

open fracture

Answer 39

broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Question 40

comminuted fracture

Answer 40

bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at the site of impact and smaller bone fragments lie between the main fragments

Question 41

Greenstick fracture

Answer 41

partial fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. Only occurs in children as their bones are not fully ossified and so contain more organic material than inorganic

Question 42

Impacted fracture

Answer 42

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other .

Question 43

Pott fracture

Answer 43

fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury to the distal tibial articulation