MSK

Question 1

what are aponeuroses

Answer 1

flat sheets that attach to flat muscle

Question 2

do tendons have a synovial sheath? What is this?

Answer 2

some tendons do, some don’t. A sheath is two layers with fluid between them that surrounds the tendon.

Question 3

What is a bursa

Answer 3

a saclike potenital space for fluid that reduces friction between structures (such as bones, tendons, ligaments)

Question 4

What are the paratenon and epitendimeum

Answer 4

Connective tissue. The paratenon fills the fascial compartment of a tendon without a sheath and the epitendineum adjoins the tendon

Question 5

Ligaments are difficult to image since they’re thin and superficial. Which methods may help?

Answer 5

High frequency (>10 MHZ), sagittal plane, standoff pad, don’t use too much gain

Question 6

How do normal ligaments compare in appearance to the Median Collateral Ligament?

Answer 6

Normal ligaments are mid-grey throughout. the MCL is mid grey but has a hypoechoic middle layer made of connective tissue

Question 7

Which part of the muscle is proximal and which is distal?

Answer 7

The origin is proximal and the insertion is distal

Question 8

How do nerves appear sonographically?

Answer 8

hyperechoic to muscle, hypoechoic to tendons. They appear hypoechoic with hyoerechoic walls

Question 9

What happens when the sound beam misses the return to the transducer because of the curve of a structure?

Answer 9

Anisotropy artifact

Question 10

What is Tinel’s sign

Answer 10

wrist tingling with nerve percussion

Question 11

What is Phalen’s sign

Answer 11

pain with sustained wrist flexion for a minute or more