MSK system

Question 1

Which of the following is not a muscle morphology change with age
- muscle atrophies and changes body composition
- fiber size and number decreases
- capillary to fiber ratio increases
- loss of type II fibers from alpha MU loss

Answer 1

capillary to fiber ration DECREASES

Question 2

T/F Loss of type II fibers results in reduced power movements
- Greater number of type I fibers with age leads to greater fatigue resistance

Answer 2

T, F - does not translate to fatigue resistance due to other changes with age

Question 3

Which of the following biomarkers of energy production does not decrease with age
- PFK
- HK
- COX
- CS

Answer 3

PFK

Question 4

which of the following are rate limiting glycolytic biomarkers
- PFK
- HK
- COX
- CS

Answer 4

PFK and HK

Question 5

which of the following are related to mito respiration
- PFK
- HK
- COX
- CS

Answer 5

COX and CS

Question 6

Which of the following is false
- loss of fibers can be reversed with PA
- muscle can still hypertrophy when older
- staying active will result in higher FFM
- staying active helps maintain MUs with age

Answer 6

• loss of fiber CANNOT be reversed, but rate can be slowed with PA

Question 7

Atrophy

Answer 7

decreased CSA due to fiber number and area loss

Question 8

Which of the following does not affect hypertrophy
- frequency
- type
- intensity
- duration

Answer 8

frequency

Question 9

anabolic resistance

Answer 9

aging is associated with reduced protein synthesis from protein resistance

Question 10

T/F protein dose required to stimulate synthesis is 40% lower in older adults

Answer 10

F - 40% lower in younger people, meaning younger need less protein

Question 11

which of the following is false of myogenic factors in sarcopenia
- there is a loss of both MHC type I and type II due to reduced activity in age
- loss of MHC results in slower contractile shortening
- there is a decrease in anabolic hormones with age
- there is a decrease in ca++ release and uptake from the SR with age
- changes in E-C coupling reduce contractile shortening speed

Answer 11

• changes in E-C coupling reduce FORCE

Question 12

Which of the following people does not have sarcopenia
- a woman with a muscle mass (LMM) of 4.0 kg
- a man with a muscle mass (LMM) of 5.0 kg
- a woman with grip strength of 25 kg
- a man with grip strength of 25 kg

Answer 12

• woman with grip

Question 13

which is false of frailty
- young people can be diagnosed with frailty
- frailty is the reduced ability to respond to stressors
- appearance can always determine frailty
- status of frailty is not permanent

Answer 13

• appearance can be deceiving

Question 14

what is the frailty continuum

Answer 14

• robust: no symptoms
• pre-frail: 1-2 symptoms
• frail 3+ symptoms

Question 15

which of the following is not a possible symptom of frailty
- low strength
- fatigue and exhaustion
- decreased flexibility
- involuntary weight loss

Answer 15

• decreased flexibility. others may include slowness, decreased balance and mobility, and low PA

Question 16

T/F Sarcopenia and frailty overlap
- frailty may be a precursor for sarcopenia
- frailty and osteoporosis overlap

Answer 16

T, F - sarcopenia precursor for frailty, T

Question 17

Which is false of myokines
- released from skeletal muscle
- modulate metabolic and psychological functions
- can be autocrine, paracrine or endocrine
- they are considered the exercise factor

Answer 17

• modulate metabolic and PHYSIOLOGICAL

Question 18

Which is false of myokines
- they help with hypertrophy (myostatin)
- increase insulin and inflammation
- increase osteogenesis
- increase pancreas function
- decrease risk of chronic disease and premature mortality

Answer 18

• increase insulin SENSITIVITY and ANTI-inflammation

Question 19

Which of the following does not affect the MSK system
- parkinson’s and huntington’s
- OA and RA
- Fibromyalgia
- diabetes
- osteoporosis

Answer 19

• diabetes

Question 20

T/F Muscle maintain complete plasticity with age
- interaction of disease, age and inactivity influence MSK system
- myokines hold promise for adaptability of MSK system with age

Answer 20

F - only maintain some plasticity, T, T