MT

Question 1

What is the primary route of administration for Amphotericin B?

Answer 1

IV only for systemic infections

Amphotericin B has minimal oral absorption and poor CNS penetration.

Question 2

What are the common adverse effects of Amphotericin B?

Answer 2

Infusion reactions, anemia

Hydration can help prevent nephrotoxicity.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of Itraconazole?

Answer 3

CYP3A4 inhibitor

It is used to treat systemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and blastomycosis.

Question 4

What are the contraindications for Itraconazole?

Answer 4

Avoid in heart failure; monitor LFTs

It interacts with statins, benzodiazepines, and warfarin.

Question 5

What are the primary uses for Caspofungin?

Answer 5

Invasive aspergillosis, candidemia, Candida peritonitis

Adverse effects include histamine-mediated infusion reactions.

Question 6

What is the primary treatment indication for Griseofulvin?

Answer 6

Dermatophyte infections

It is not effective for Candida or systemic mycoses.

Question 7

What is the first-line treatment for onychomycosis?

Answer 7

Oral Terbinafine

It can also be used for tinea corporis/cruris/pedis.

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of Acyclovir?

Answer 8

Guanosine analog

It is used to treat HSV-1/2 and VZV.

Question 9

What is the recommended timing for starting Oseltamivir?

Answer 9

Start <48h

It is a neuraminidase inhibitor used for influenza A & B.

Question 10

What is the primary purpose of the influenza vaccine?

Answer 10

Addresses antigenic drift, reduces infection severity

Recommended for individuals ≥6 months.

Question 11

What are NRTIs used for?

Answer 11

HIV (backbone of ART regimens)

Key agents include Abacavir, Tenofovir, Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Emtricitabine.

Question 12

What are the major side effects associated with Protease Inhibitors?

Answer 12

Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy

Atazanavir can cause indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)?

Answer 13

Block integrase strand transfer

They prevent integration of viral DNA into the host genome.

Question 14

What is the treatment indication for Maraviroc?

Answer 14

HIV (CCR5-tropic virus only)

It blocks CCR5 co-receptor to prevent viral entry.

Question 15

What is the primary use of Albendazole?

Answer 15

Broad-spectrum helminths

It is effective against nematodes and some cestodes.

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of Mebendazole?

Answer 16

Disrupts microtubules and glucose uptake

It is used for intestinal nematodes.

Question 17

What is the treatment protocol for Enterobiasis?

Answer 17

Single dose with repeat in 2 weeks

Options include Albendazole or Mebendazole.

Question 18

What is the purpose of culture & sensitivity testing?

Answer 18

Guides therapy; determines drug susceptibility

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) helps in drug selection.

Question 19

What is the mechanism of action of Penicillins?

Answer 19

Bind PBPs; inhibit transpeptidase crosslinking

This leads to bacterial cell wall lysis.

Question 20

What are the main indications for Cephalosporins?

Answer 20

Skin, respiratory, UTI, meningitis

They are also used for surgical prophylaxis.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?

Answer 21

Binds molecules for cell wall biosynthesis

It is indicated for MRSA and C. difficile.

Question 22

What are the contraindications for Tetracyclines?

Answer 22

Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children under 8

They can cause fetal tooth/bone toxicity.

Question 23

What is the adverse effect associated with Clindamycin?

Answer 23

Risk of C. difficile colitis

Patients should report severe diarrhea.

Question 24

What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?

Answer 24

Bind 30S subunit; misreading of mRNA

This leads to defective proteins and is bactericidal.

Question 25

What are common adverse effects of Trimethoprim?

Answer 25

Itching, rash, GI reactions, hyperkalemia ## Footnote Blood dyscrasias may also occur.

Question 26

What is the combined effect of TMP-SMX?

Answer 26

TMP & SMZ potentiate each other ## Footnote They are indicated for UTI and GI infections.

Question 27

What is hyperkalemia and when should potassium levels be checked?

Answer 27

Check K+ 4 days after starting treatment ## Footnote Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by elevated potassium levels in the blood.

Question 28

What are contraindications for certain medications?

Answer 28

Folate deficiency, renal dysfunction ## Footnote These conditions may require a reduced dose of certain medications.

Question 29

What should be avoided in pregnancy regarding folate?

Answer 29

Avoid in pregnancy due to exacerbation of pregnancy-related folate deficiency ## Footnote Folate is crucial for fetal development, and deficiencies can lead to complications.

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action for TMP-SMX?

Answer 30

TMP & SMZ potentiate each other; selectively toxic to microbes ## Footnote TMP-SMX is a combination antibiotic that enhances each other's efficacy against bacteria.

Question 31

What are common adverse effects of TMP-SMX?

Answer 31

Nausea, vomiting, rash ## Footnote These side effects are frequently reported with the use of TMP-SMX.

Question 32

What are the adverse effects associated with the combination of TMP/SMZ?

Answer 32

* SMZ: hypersensitivity reactions, blood dyscrasias, kernicterus, renal damage * TMP: megaloblastic anemia, hyperkalemia, birth defects ## Footnote These adverse effects highlight the risks associated with the use of these medications.

Question 33

What is the primary indication for Methenamine?

Answer 33

UTI prophylaxis (requires acidic urine) ## Footnote Methenamine is effective in preventing urinary tract infections but requires a specific urine pH.

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of Methenamine?

Answer 34

Prodrug; decomposes to formaldehyde in acidic urine → bactericidal ## Footnote The conversion to formaldehyde is what gives Methenamine its antibacterial properties.

Question 35

What is the primary use of Nitrofurantoin?

Answer 35

Uncomplicated cystitis (UTIs) ## Footnote Nitrofurantoin is commonly prescribed for simple urinary tract infections.

Question 36

What are the contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?

Answer 36

CrCl <30 ## Footnote Nitrofurantoin should not be used in patients with significantly impaired renal function.

Question 37

What is the mechanism of action of Estrogen (Estradiol)?

Answer 37

Binds nuclear estrogen receptors → modulates gene transcription in target tissues ## Footnote This action is fundamental to the effects of estrogen on various bodily functions.

Question 38

What are important metabolic actions of Estrogen?

Answer 38

* ↑ HDL * ↓ LDL * ↑ bone density * ↑ clotting factors * ↑ sodium/water retention ## Footnote These actions contribute to the overall health benefits and risks associated with estrogen therapy.

Question 39

What is the primary indication for Progestins?

Answer 39

Contraception, endometrial protection with estrogen ## Footnote Progestins are often used in combination with estrogen to mitigate the risk of endometrial cancer.

Question 40

What are the contraindications for Progestins?

Answer 40

* Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding * Active thromboembolic disorders * Breast carcinoma ## Footnote These conditions can increase the risks associated with progestin use.

Question 41

What are the therapeutic uses of Testosterone?

Answer 41

* Male hypogonadism * Delayed puberty * Some anemias ## Footnote Testosterone replacement therapy is essential in these conditions.

Question 42

What are the adverse effects of PDE-5 inhibitors?

Answer 42

Sildenafil contraindications: nitrates (severe hypotension) ## Footnote Caution is necessary to avoid dangerous interactions with certain medications.

Question 43

What are the therapeutic uses of 5-α-reductase inhibitors?

Answer 43

* BPH * Male pattern baldness ## Footnote These medications are effective in treating conditions associated with excess DHT.

Question 44

What is the mechanism of action of α1-blockers?

Answer 44

Block α1 receptors in bladder neck/prostate → ↓ obstruction ## Footnote This action helps relieve urinary symptoms associated with BPH.

Question 45

What is the mechanism of action of Bethanechol?

Answer 45

Muscarinic agonist → stimulates detrusor contraction, relaxes trigone/sphincter ## Footnote This helps facilitate bladder emptying in non-obstructive urinary retention.

Question 46

What are common side effects of Oxybutynin?

Answer 46

* Dry mouth * Constipation * Blurred vision * Confusion (esp. elderly) ## Footnote These side effects can significantly impact patient adherence to treatment.

Question 47

What is the preferred treatment for Gonorrhea?

Answer 47

Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM x1 (1 g if ≥150 kg) ## Footnote This is the standard treatment regimen for uncomplicated gonorrhea.

Question 48

What is the treatment for Chlamydia?

Answer 48

Azithromycin 1g PO x1 (pregnancy) ## Footnote This is a recommended treatment option for chlamydia, especially in pregnant women.

Question 49

What is the mechanism of action of Acyclovir?

Answer 49

Guanosine analog, chain termination after phosphorylation by viral TK ## Footnote Acyclovir's action is crucial for treating herpes simplex virus infections.

Question 50

What is the treatment regimen for PID?

Answer 50

Ceftriaxone + doxycycline + metronidazole ## Footnote This combination covers a broad spectrum of organisms typically involved in pelvic inflammatory disease.

Question 51

What is the therapeutic use of Phenazopyridine?

Answer 51

Symptomatic relief of dysuria (with antibiotics) ## Footnote It is used to alleviate the pain associated with urinary tract infections but does not treat the infection itself.