1
Q
What are the three dimensions of economic anthropology?
A
- Production: Process by which goods are obtained from the natural environment and altered to become consumable goods for society.
- Distribution
- Consumption
2
Q
What is foraging?
A
Foraging: Mode of livelihood based on resources that are available in nature through gathering, fishing, or hunting. Use a sophisticated knowledge of the environment and seasonal changes. Extensive, sustainable strategy.
3
Q
What is foraging division of labor?
A
- Division of labor: Occupational specialization or assigning particular tasks to particular individuals. (Gender and age)
4
Q
What is foraging property relations?
A
- Property relations: Private property does not exist, “Use rights”
5
Q
What are foraging types?
A
- Temperate region
- Diet: Nuts, tubers, fruits, small animals, and occasional large game
- Labor: Men and women forage, men hunt large game
- Shelter: Casual, non permanent, little maintenance- Ex. San people of Southern Africa
- Circumpolar region:
- Diet: Large marine and terrestrial animals
- Labor: Men hunt and fish
- Shelter: Time intensive construction and maintenance, some permanent- Example: Inuit
6
Q
What is horticulture?
A
Horticulture: Based on cultivating domesticated plants in gardens and using hand tools. Supplemented with trading for meat
- Extensive strategy
- Sedentary (one place). Increases reliable food energy that humans can get out of a plot of land
7
Q
What is horticulture division of labor?
A
Division of labor: Women do processing, Children are productive (large family advantage)
8
Q
What is horticulture property relations?
A
Property relations: More formal use rights then foraging: private property is not characteristic.
9
Q
What is Swidden?
A
- Main type of horticulture:
Swidden: Slashes and burns a small area of forest to release plant nutrients into the soil. As soil fertility declines, the farmer allows the plot to regenerate the forest.
10
Q
What is pastoralism?
A
Pastoralism: Based on domesticated animal herds and the use of their products
- Extensive strategy
11
Q
What is pastoralism division of labor?
A
- Division of labor: Families are basic production unit. Men are in charge of herding, Women in charge of processing products.
12
Q
What is pastoralism property relations?
A
- Property relations: Animals are most important property, families goods may be passed down through males, use rights to land and migratory rules.
13
Q
What are the types of pastoralism?
A
- Transhumance: Some men move livestock while women, children, and old men stay.
- Nomadism: No permanent villages. Whole social unit moves to new pastures.
14
Q
What is agriculture?
A
Agriculture: Growing crops on permanent plots with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer.
- Intensive not extensive
- Relies on domestic animals and artificial water sources.
15
Q
What is intensive agriculture? (Division of labor, property rights)
A
- Intensive agriculture: Can support many times more people per unit of land than horticulturalist, Devotes numerous hours towards land (peasantry)
- Division of labor: family is basic unit. Gender and age define work.
- Property rights: Family is defined and protected by property rights. Can be acquired and sold. Inheritance of land, transfer of rights through marriage.
- Division of labor: family is basic unit. Gender and age define work.
16
Q
What is industrial agriculture?
A
- Industrial agriculture: Financial capital is used to ourchase machinery that replaces human and animal labor; produces goods solely for sale.
- Corporate farm: Requires more in the way of labor, technology, and the use of non-renewable natural resources than any other economic system.
- Not sustainable. Displaces and undermines the sustainability of foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism.
17
Q
What is intensification?
A
18
Q
What is reciprocity?
A
Reciprocity: A mode of distribution characterized by the exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value between parties.
19
Q
What is generalized reciprocity?
A
- Generalized reciprocity: Practice of giving a gift without expecting a gift in return, creates moral obligation.
- Main form among foragers
20
Q
What is balanced reciprocity?
A
- Balanced reciprocity: practice of giving a gift with the expectation that it will be reciprocated with a similar gift after a limited period of time. Expectation of return of equal value in a time frame.
- Delayed reciprocity: Long lag time between giving and receiving
- Kula ring: men pass ornamental shell armbands and necklaces along to recipients on other islands to cement lifelong relationships between high ranking men on each island.
21
Q
What is negative reciprocity?
A
- Negative reciprocity: Form of economic exchange between individuals who try and take advantage of each other. Trying to get the better deal.
- Theft: taking something with no expectation of returning anything to the original owner for it.
- Exploitation: Getting something of greater value for less in return. (Ex. Slavery)
22
Q
What is redistribution?
A
Redistribution: Requires centralized social organization. Central position receives economic contributions. Their responsibility to redistribute foods and goods in a way that provides for every member of the group.
23
Q
What is market exchange?
A
Market exchange: Mode of distribution in which goods and services are bought and sold, and their value is determined by the principle of supply and demand.
- Not always money: Barter, and direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standard currency.
- Evolved from trade. Marketplaces can be large or small, periodic and permanent markets
24
Q
What is consumption?
A
- Consumption: culturally relative way goods and services are consumed
25
What is minimalism?
- minimalism: Few and finite consumer demands. Adequate means to achieve them.
- most characteristic of foragers, but also present with horticulturalists and pastoralists
26
What is consumerism?
- Consumerism: Demands are many and infinite. means of satisfying them are never sufficient.
- Drives colonialism, globalization, other forms of expansion. Feature of industrial economy
27
What is personalized consumption?
- Personalized consumption: products produced by the consumers for their own use. Or by someone consumer has met personally. Foraging, horticulture, pastoralist
28
What is depersonalized consumption?
- Depersonalized consumption: Consumers are distanced from the workers who produce the goods we consume. Industrial agriculture.
29
What is global industrialization?
Global industrialization: Consequence for rural populations. In the US family farms have been declining for decades, mainly owing to government policies that favour industrial agriculture over small scale production.
- Requires chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and lots of water to be successful. Also threatens the environment.
- Depends heavily on non renewable fossil fuels. (1/5 of energy consumption in the US)
30
What is marriage?
Marriage: A socially approved union between two or more adult partners that regulates the sexual and economic rights and obligations between them. (Marriage is a cultural institution)
31
What is family?
Family: Social unit consisting of adults, who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and children and is characterized by economic cooperation and the reproduction and raising of children in a common residence.
32
What are the 3 functions of marriage?
1. To create fairly stable relationships between men and women to regulate mating and reproduction
2. To provide a means to regulate the sexual division of labor
3. To create an environment that supports the material, educational, and emotional needs of children.
33
What is the incest taboo?
Incest taboo: Where close kin are off limits as spouses of sexual partners
- Cousins not always taboo (can strengthen ties in family)
- incest avoidance: Cultural beliefs, biological issues.
34
What is endogamy?
- Endogamy: where marriages are contracted within a particular social group or locality
35
What is exogamy?
- Exogamy: Where marriage partners must be found outside a particular group or locality.
36
What is Hypergyny?
- Hypergyny: Marrying up -> women below man
37
What is hypogyny?
- Hypogyny: Marrying down -> Bride higher than groom
38
What is isogamy?
- Isogamy: Statuses are equal
39
What is Levirate marriage?
Levirate: Practice of a man marrying widow of his deceased brother. Sometimes a close male relative.
- Children by new husband are usually considered to belong legally to the dead brother
40
What is a sororate marriage?
Sorority: Practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister
41
What is a ghost marriage?
Ghost marriage: Any future children belong to dead husbands lineage.
42
What is monogamy?
Monogamy: One spouse at a time
43
What is polygyny?
Polygyny: Multiple wives at a time
44
What is polyandry?
Polyandry: Multiple husbands at a time
45
What is bridewealth?
Bride wealth: Compensation given to brides family. Recognition that the family is losing a daughters labour and of her reproductive potential.
- Also connected to patrilocal residence (living with husbands family)
46
What is bride service?
Bride service: labour given to brides family
47
What is dowry?
Dowry: Goods and money given to grooms family
- Dowry death: Women murdered or suicide to get dowry
48
What is neolocality?
- Neolocality: independent residence without their parents
49
What is patrilocality?
- Patrilocality: Lives with or very near the husbands fathers family (most common, social grouping of related men)
50
What is matrilocality?
- Matrilocality: Live with or very near the wife’s family. (Associated with matrilineal ex. Social grouping of related women along with their husbands)
51
What are Consanguineal relatives?
- Consanguineal relatives: People who are related by blood
52
What are affinity relatives?
- Affinity relatives: People who are related by marriage
53
What are nuclear family?
- Nuclear family: Two generations formed around a marital union
54
What is extended family?
- Extended family: Two or more nuclear families living together
55
What is a modern family?
- Modern family: Multigenerational families increasing. Different family forms increasing. Economic issues keeping families together.
56
What is a family of orientation?
- Family of orientation: Family in which one is born and grows up
57
What is a family of procreation?
- Family of procreation: formed when one marries and has children
58
What is kinship?
Kinship: relationships between people based on blood or marriage. Culture provides guidelines about who are kin and their expected behaviours.
- Kinship system: The predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kind of behaviour involved. Maintains social order by setting moral riles and punishing offenders.
59
What is the nature of unilineal descent?
1. Individuals self-identify by lineage. Introducing group before self
2. Marriage is regulated. Approval before marriage
3. Property is regulated by descent groups. Safety net
4. Lineage elders resolve disputes
5. Lineage ancestors become ancestor gods. Religion
6. The justice system holds the lineage accountable for the actions of individuals.
60
What is a kinship diagram?
- Kinship diagrams: Schematic way of presenting kinship relationships of an individual using a set of symbols to depict all the kin relations (ego)
- Example: MBS (mothers brothers son)
61
What is genealogy?
- Genealogy: Way of presenting a family tree, constructed by beginning at the earliest ancestors and working down to the present.
62
What is descent?
- Descent: a persons kinship connections traced back through a number of generations. Groups endure even through membership changes as members are born and die.
63
What is unilineal descent?
- Unilineal descent: When descent is traced primarily to mothers or fathers line. 60% of world’s culture. Pastoralist, horticulture, agriculture.
- Patrilineal: Inheritance through sons, daughters marry out. Most common
- Matrilineal: inheritance through daughters, sons marry out. 15% of uilineal descent groups
64
What is bilateral descent?
- Bilateral descent: where descent is traced through both parents and you are equally related to the members of both parents families.
- Foraging and agricultural agriculture
65
What is generation kinship terminology?
1. Generation: Kin terms distinguish relatives according to the generation to which they belong. ex. cousin
66
What is sex or gender kinship terminology?
2. Sex or gender: differentiates different genders. Ex. Aunt, uncle
67
What is linearity vs collaterality kinship terminology?
4. Consanguineal vs affinity kin: related by blood or marriage. Ex. Mother vs mother in law
68
What is relative age kinship terminology?
5. Relative age: relatives of the same category may be distinguished on where they are in birth order. Ex. Older distinguished from younger siblings
69
What is sex of connecting relative kinship terminology?
6. Sex of connecting relative: Related to collaterality. Distinguishes cross relatives (usually cousins) from parallel relatives (also usually cousins). Gender of the cousin does not matter only the gender of the linking relative.
- Parallel cousine are linked through 2 sisters or 2 brothers (mothers sister)
- Cross cousins are otherwise linked (Mothers brother)
70
What is social condition kinship terminology?
7. Social condition: different terms used for a married brother and a bachelor brother
71
What is side of the family kinship terminology?
8. Side of the family: Different kin terms may be used for the mothers side of the family vas the fathers side of the family
72
What is the Eskimo and Iroquois systems?
Eskimo system: bilateral descent. Emphasizes nuclear family
Iroquois system: Unilineal descent - distinguishes between lineage that you belong to and the one you do not.
73
What is lumping generational kinship terminology?
Generational kinship terminology: Uses the same term for parents and their siblings but lumping is more complete. Does not distinguish mother and fathers sides. (Ambilineal societies). Hawaiian, foraging bands.
74
What is social inequality?
- Social inequality: Unequal access to the culturally valued resources of wea;th, power, and prestige
1. Wealth: Material objects that have value in society
2. Power: Ability to achieve ones goals by influencing the behaviour of others
3. Prestige: Social honour or respect within a society.
75
What is the egalitarian society?
1. Egalitarian: Recognize few differences in status, wealth, and power. (Usually foragers)
- Economics: based on reciprocity
- Political specialization: little to none
- Everyone depending on skill level has equal access to positions of esteem and respect.
- Ex. Ju/hoansi and inuit
76
What is rank society?
2. Rank societies: Big man societies. Largely hereditary positions. Kinship plays a important role.
- Chiefs poses great prestige and privilege but do not accumulate great wealth
- Cheifs have little real power over the land
- Chris’s maintain their position through generosity and redistribution
- Example. Trobriand islands
77
What is stratified society?
3. Stratified societies: A society with large population that is divided into several levels based on the degree of social inequality.
- Market economies
- Consists of levels called strata (relatively permanent levels in societies separating people according to their access to wealth power and prestige)
- Differ in terms of the number and size of strata, the ideology that supports them, and the extent to which the levels are permeable.
78
What is class?
- Class: Ranked group within a stratified society characterized by achieved status and considerable social mobility
- May be marked by a particular lifestyle and maintained by exclusionary practices. Each status has an accompanying role (expectation including behaviour, looks etc)
- Higher groups posses privileges that lower do not
- Pyramid high to low classes
79
What are the different types of status?
Status: Position an individual occupies in society
- Achieved status: Status acquired during the course of your lifetime. More open. No formal barriers preventing people from rising in the social ranks
- Ascribed status: Status a person has by virtue of birth (class, race, ethnicity, etc.). Formal barriers present to prevent social rank change
80
What are the major social categories of caste?
Major social categories called VARNAS
- Brahmans (priests)
- Kshatriyas (Warriors and rulers)
- Vaishyas (Merchants/Landowners/skilled trades)
- Shundras (Connomers/peasants/servants/unskilled labor)
- Dalits (untouchables) are considered lower status than those with VARNAS
81
What is sanskritization?
- Sanskritization: a form of upward social mobility found in contemporary India whereby people born into lower castes can achieve higher status by taking on some of the behaviours and practices of the highest (Brahmin) caste
82
What are the mechanisms to maintain in caste?
MECHANISMS to MAINTAIN
- Marriage rules: Strictly enforce jati endogamy, with marriage outside of ones jati is cause for serious punishment.
- Spatial segregation: Functions to maintain the privileges of the upper castes and to remind lower castes of their marginal status. Dalits may live in complete isolation
- Ritual: Only certain priests can perform certain ceremonies. Each caste has its own rituals to intensify group awareness and identity
- Constitution declared discrimination based on caste illegal (equality is increasing)
- Social mobility within the caste system has traditionally been limited, but there is upcasting
- Many Indians especially those in urban settings are promoting the decline of caste hierarchy via democracy and affirmative action programs.
- However, legislation against discrimination and the actual end of discrimination are two different things.
83
What is race?
Race: A social construct where people who share similar physical features, especially skin colour, are Deemed to belong to a particular category of people. These boundaries do not correspond to major biological differences within the human species.
- Social construction of race: Americans believe (incorrectly) that their population includes biologically based races to which various labels are applied.
84
What are the main issues with racial thinking?
- Racial thinking assumes that one visible trait correlates with complex behavioural attitudes like intelligence, athletic ability, or personal character
- Every single person is in expression of thousands of genetically based traits. The ones we still use that determine race aren’t especially important, but they share one common characteristic: they are obvious.
85
What is the primary cause of racialization?
- PRIMARY cause of racialization: The social economic and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.
- There are no diagnostic genes or genetic traits that belong only to one racial group and no others
86
What is naturalization?
- Naturalization: the social process through which something such as race becomes part of the natural order of things. Cultural practice male the artificial seem natural. This is true of race and other social constructions.
87
What is racism?
- Racism: Type of discrimination where people are treated differently based on their race.
88
What is discrimination?
- Discrimination: Practice of treating individuals differently simpltybased on the group they belong to (race, age, gender, etc)
89
What is ethnicity?
Ethnicity: the linguistic and cultural characteristics and heritage a person identifies with. Group membership based on a shared identity that may be based on history, territory, language, or religion, or a combination of these. Can be the basis for claiming entitlements to resources and privileges and for defending or retaining those resources and privileges.
90
What is diaspora population?
- Diaspora population: A dispersed group living outside their original homeland.
91
What is prejudice?
Prejudice: performed opinions of people who are different.
- Most forms, are acquired as part of enculturation. Racialism and false generalizations
- Learned behavioural patterns can be unlearned.
92
What is unlearned privilege?
Unlearned privilege: an unnoticed and under appreciated lack of discrimination against certain groups.
93
What is racial profiling?
Racial profiling: discriminatory practice of targeting a person for reasons of safety, security, or public protection based on stereotype of their race, ethnicity, religion, or place of origin.
94
What is structural racism?
Structural racism: Where institutions and systems of society are structured such that the subordinate group is disadvantaged or discriminated against.
- Education, hiring and advancement practices, access to sports/recreation.
95
What is the Black Lives Matter movement?
Black Lives Matter: Arose in response to shootings and other incidents to raise public awareness of the devaluation of black lives in the American judicial and enforcement system.
96
What is ethnic cleansing? (Cultural genocide, genocide)
Ethnic cleansing: Systemic and forced removal of an ethnic group from a given geographic area in order to make it religiously and or ethnically homogenous.
- Cultural genocide or etnocide: Attempted assimilation of FN through residential schools
- Genocide: Systemic murder of an entire group of people. Ex. Jews in WWII
97
What is multiculturalism?
Multiculturalism: View of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining. Seeks ways for people to understand and interact with respect for their differences. Assumes that each group has something to offer and learn from the others.
- Fueled by: Desire to move to a nation with a better lifestyle, rapid population growth and insufficient job opportunities in less developed countries.
- Backlash: ethno-nationalism - the idea of an association between ethnicicity and the right to rule the USA
98
What is political organization?
Political organization: the ways in which power is distributed within a society to control peoples behaviour and maintain social order.
99
What are the types of power?
- Structural power: power that not only operates within setting but also organizes and orchestrates thr settings in which social and individual action take place. (Ex. Global capitalism)
- Social power: The ability to transform a situation that affects an entire social group. (Ex. professor)
- Political power: social power held by a group that is in a position to affect the lives of many people. (Ex. Deans of college, governments)
100
What is authority?
Authority: The power or right to give commands, take action, and make binding decisions
101
What is the difference between power in state vs non state societies?
- Non state societies: Leadership if any tends to be informal, temporary, and based on personal attributes.
- In state/Chiefdoms: Controlled by officials and hierarchical institutions. Formalized laws determine who may hold office, for how long, and the power that may be legitimately wielded by an official.
102
What is government?
- Government: Separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force.
103
What is acephalous societies?
- Acephalous societies: Societies without a governing head, generally with no hierarchical leadership.
104
What is general political organization?
General political organization: Groups within a particular culture that are responsible for: Public decision making, maintaining social order, protecting group rights, ensuring safety from external threats.
105
What are bands subsistence strategy, membership, size, leadership, political system, economic exchange, social structure, social control, social conflict?
1. Bands
- Subsistence strategy: foraging
- Membership: Flexible, based on kinship
- Size: Between 20 people and a few hundred at most
- Leadership: Informal No person is named as permanent leader. Leadership is situational.
- Political system: non centralized with decisions by consensus. Leader has influence not power
- Economic exchange: reciprocity
- Social structure: All members of the group are social equals and a band leader has no special social status
- Social conflict: Face to face, small scale, rarely lethal, external conflict is rare.
- Social control: Norms, social pressure, ostracism.
- Example: Ju/hoansi, hadza
106
What are tribes subsistence strategy, membership, size, leadership, political system, economic exchange, social structure, social control, social conflict?
2. Tribes
- Subsistence strategy: Horticulture and pastoralism
- Membership: Several bands or lineage groups. Kinship with groups connected through clan structure with a common ancestor
- Size: 100 to several 1000
- Leadership: Tribal headman, usually achieved status where they are known as hardworking and generous
- Political system: non centralized and part time. Leader has authority not power. Conflict resolution responsibility of headman.
- Social structure: May have special status
- Social conflict: Armed conflict, revenge killing
- Social control: internal and external conflict resolution responsibility of headman, norms, social pressure, ostracism.
107
What are chiefdoms subsistence strategy, membership, size, leadership, political system, economic exchange, social structure, social control, social conflict?
3. Chiefdoms
- Subsistence: agriculture
- Membership: kin and non kin
- Size: large populations, in the 1000s
- Leadership: chiefship is an office - chief regulates production, redistribution, solves internal conflicts and leads conflict. Criteria included ascribed and achieved qualities
- Political system: permanently allied tribes and villages under one chief, possess power. Centralized
- Social structure: hereditary systems of social ranking and economic stratification. Chiefs and descendants have higher status than other commoners. Intermarriage is not allowed
- Social conflict: can include war (armies collected at the time of war)
- Social control: informal laws and specified punishments
- Several chiefdoms can join together in order to create a confederacy (chief of chiefs)
108
What are states subsistence strategy, membership, size, leadership, political system, economic exchange, social structure, social control, social conflict?
4. States
- Subsistence strategy: intensive agriculture, industrial agriculture, trade, industry
- Membership: Everyone, stratified
- Size: into the millions/billions
- Leadership: Centralized individual or government
- Political system: Centralized, bureaucratic, with formal offices and multiple governing bodies (specialized political roles), power based on law.
- Social structure: Clearly defined classes, highly stratified
- Social conflict: international war, weapons, lethal, ethnic conflict, standing armies.
- Social control: Formal laws, formal judiciary, permanent police, imprisonment, state holds all access to use of force.
109
What are states population control, judiciary, enforcement, fiscal support?
- Population control: Census, grant rights
- Judiciary: States have laws based on precedent and legislative proclamations, all states have courts and judges.
- Enforcement: Agents of the state hand out punishment to law breakers
- Fiscal support: Taxes, reallocates a part for general good, keeps pother part for themselves.
110
What are autocratic state?
- Autocratic state: Leader with absolute power
111
What is a totalitarian state?
- Totalitarian state: State recognizes no limits to their power
112
What is a representative democracy?
- Representative democracy: power rests with he citizens (elections for representation)
- Referendum: direct vote
- Suffrage: the right to vote
- Constitution: set of laws
113
What is a monarchy?
- Monarchy: power with individual or family (ascribed)
114
What is a dictatorship?
- Dictatorship: one individual holds power
115
What is a theocracy?
- Theocracy: ultimate power erects with god/deity
116
What is a nation?
- Nation: group of people who share a common identity, history, and culture - culturally homogenous
- nations do not necessitating have their own states (very few) and some nations are part of many states (Kurdish areas in Middle East)
117
What is a nation state?
- Nationstate: sociocultural entity as well ad a political community that has legitimacy over a defined territory
118
What is social control?
Social control: mechanism found in all societies that function to encourage people to maintain social norms. Culturally defined rules and ways to ensure that people follow the rules.
119
How does social control function in small scale societies?
- In small scale face to face groups: Social control is less formal and more likely to be based on norms.
- Disputes handlers at the interpersonal level, groups may punish an individual with shaming, ridicule or ostracism. Emphasis on restoring order rather than punishment. Punishment is legitimized through belief in supernatural forces. Capital punishment is extremely rare.
120
How does social control function is large scale societies?
- In large scale societies: Norms regulate daily life but so do laws; punishment for violation of laws can be serious, including death.
121
What are social norms?
- Social norms: a generally agreed upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously.
122
What are sanctions?
- Sanctions: Any means used to enforce compliance with the rules and norms of a society.
- Positive sanctions: enforcing through rewards
- Negative sanctions: Punishments for violating the norms of a society.
123
What is the public opinion of social control?
- Public opinion: what the public thinks
124
What is the supernatural belief system of social control?
- Supernatural belief system: Supernatural as punishment
125
What is the oath and ordeal of social control?
- Oath: declare to a god to attest to the truth of what a person says
- Ordeal: a painful and possibly life threatening test inflicted on someone suspected of wrongdoing to determine guilt or innocence
126
What is the corporate lineage of social control?
- Corporate lineage: Kinship groups whose members engage in daily activities together.
127
What is the intermediates of social control?
- Intermediates: Mediators of disputes among individuals or families within a society.
128
What is the age organization of social control?
- Age organizations: people of same age pass through life together, Each level has increased social status and defined roles
129
What is the social media sharing of social control?
- Social media sharing: public online humiliation
130
What is the court and codified laws of social control?
- Courts and codified laws:
- Crime: harm to a person or property that society considers illegitimate
- law: codified rules enforced through the legitimate use of physical coercion
131
What is justice?
Justice: doing what is right in the context of a legal system.
- Retributive and restorative justice
132
How does social control function in states?
1. Specialization of roles
2. Trials and courts - goal is justice and fairness. Biases affect achievement of goal
3. Power enforced forms of punishments (prison)
133
What is violence?
Violence: The use of force to harm someone or something
- Culture shapes what people consider legitimate violence and how why and wen they use it as a form of power relations
134
What is ethnic conflict?
Ethnic conflict
- Genocide: Killing large numbers of a distinct ethnic racial or religious group.
- Ethnocide: destroying the culture of a distinct group
- Sectarian conflict: based on perceived differences between divisions or sects within a religion
135
What is domination in internal state conflict?
- Domination: Coercive rule, is expensive and unstable
136
What is hegemony in internal state conflict?
- Hegemony: System of leadership in which rulers persuade subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by offering mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers privileged position.
137
What is legitimacy in internal state conflict?
- Legitimacy: Right of political leaders to obtain and to use their power, linked to a cultures values and ideology. Can be lost.
138
What is rebellion in internal state conflict?
- Rebellion: an attempt within a society to disrupt the status quo and redistribute the power and resources.
139
What is revolution in internal state conflict?
- Revolution: an attempt to overthrow the existing form of political organization, the principles of economic production and distribution, and the allocation of social status.
