What are the key beliefs of Kymlica?
- minority rights: representation, self-government, poly-ethnic rights
- promoting cultural freedom to maximise individual freedom
- functions within a liberal democracy
What are the key beliefs of Maddod?
- any form of integration is valid: assimilation, individual integration, multiculturalist, cosmopolitan
What are the key beliefs of Berlin?
- value pluralism: there is a number of competing but equally correct ideas about ‘the good life’
What are the key beliefs of Parekh
- Deep diversity: the rejection of any absolute standards based on the idea of moral relativism
- believed that interaction between cultures would improve human nature
What are the key beliefs of Taylor?
- politics of recognition: it is a universal right for all to have their identities recognised
what is the idea of legal pluralism?
there should be multiple legal systems within society
for example, Sharia law being equal to liberal law
quote from Parekh on human nature
“dialogue between them is mutually beneficial”
what is the idea used to represent a cosmopolitan “mixed identity”
‘pick and mix’
What are the key ideas of liberal multiculturalism?
- shallow diversity
- liberal democracy should be the basis
- culture is a private phenomenon (harm principle
- civic nationalism: emphasis on intergration in the public sphere (hyphenated identities)
- support some minority rights- want to prevent inequality
What are the key ideas of pluralist multiculturalism?
- value pluralism
- deep diversity: tolerance encorages toleration and understanding of other cultures
- communitarianism: indentity is founded upon culture
- monoculturalism: cultures can interact but will remain seperate
- end to liberal monopoly on politics
- endorse minority representation rights and formal equality
- legal pluralism
What is the particularist idea of community?
- “monocultures” cultures can interact but will not merge
What are the key cosmopolitan ideas?
- ‘One world perspective’
- diversity is a stepping stone towards a hybrid society
- somewhat limited endorsement of tolerance: want values that promote a global consciousness
Give a quote from Isaiah Berlin on tolerance and diversity.
“conflict between values is the very essence of what they are”
Give an example of shallow diversity in practice
1985 FGM made illegal
What is Karl Popper’s key idea?
The ‘paradox of intolerance’ is the idea that too much tolerance leads to the acceptance of intolerant ideas that become dominant.
Parekh on tolerance/ assimilation
“no culture is perfect and has the right to impose itself on others
What does Taylor believe will happen to individuals who lack cultural recognition
crippling self-hatred
What does Jeremy Waldron believe is the natural outcome of diversity
“mongrelisation”
Give a quote that suggests that some pluralists believe in a united identity
Parekh said, “Britain must maintain a shared national identity”
what are the conservative criticisms of multiculturalims?
- lack of a shared national identity leads to instability
- natural instinct to distrust those that are different to you
- leads to the erosion of the ‘majority’ culture in the attempts to protect the minority
