ADDRESSING Model
- Age & Generation
- Developmental Disability
- Disability (Acquired)
- Religion
- Ethnicity & Race
- Socioeconomic Status
- Sexual Orientation
- Indigenous Heritage
- National Origin & Language
- Gender
6 Phases of OTAID Model
Phase 0: Absence of Conscious Awareness
Phase 1: Individuation
Phase 2: Dissonance
Phase 3: Immersion
Phase 4: Internalization
Phase 5: Integration
Phase 6: Transformation
OTAID Model
Myers et al. (1991)
Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development
Phase 0: Absence of Conscious Awareness
Individuals lack awareness of being.
Phase 1: Individuation
- Lack of awareness of any view of self other than what originally introduced to
- Nothing assigned meaning
- Family values solidify identity
Phase 2: Dissonance
- Explore aspects of self devalued by others
- Triggers conflict b/w believe and false image of self that would be inferior
- May suppress salient aspects bc of sociocultural values
Phase 3: Immersion
- Fully embrace others like them that are devalued
- Enables self appreciation
- Negative feelings towards dominant group (anger and distrust)
Phase 4: Internalization
- Effectively incorporates worth with salient identities
- Increase sense of security
- Salient part of self is one piece of identity
- More tolerant of others who don’t threaten sense of self
Phase 5: Integration
- Stronger sense of inner security and inner peace
- Sense of community
- Better understanding that all people can oppress or be oppressed
Phase 6: Transformation
- Self redefined toward ancestors and those unborn
- Individuals have experienced shift -→ interconnected & empowered to define reality based on spiritual awareness rather than external circumstance
Helms White Racial Identity Development Model
racism is an intmate and centeral part of being a white american.
healthy white identity development involves 1) abandonment of racism and 2) defining a nonracist white identity
Stages of Helms White Racial Identity Development Model
- Contact Status
- Disintegration Status
- Reintegration Status
- Pseudo-independence Status
- Immersion/emersion Status
- Autonomy Status
Contact Status
- Stage 1
- Oblivious to and unaware of racism
- Color-blind
- “People are people”
Disintegration Status
Obliviousness begins to break down.
becomes conflicted over irresolvable racial moral dilemmas
begins to become awareness of their own whiteness causing dissonance and guilt
Reintegration Status
characterized by regression by reverting back to the idea of white superiority and minority inferiority
this is an attempt to resolve dissonance caused from previous status
Pseudo-Independence Status
Awareness of visible racial/ethnic minorities, unfairness of their treatment, and discomfort with their racist white identity
may perpetuate racism by helping BIPOC adjust to white standards or suggesting they understand racism though their knowledge is only intellectual/conceptual
Immersion/Emersion Status
- person searches for an understanding of the personal meaning of racism and the ways in which they benefit from white privilege
- increased willingness to confront own whiteness
- understanding that change must come from whites for change to occur
Autonomy Status
- increasing awareness of one’s whiteness
- reduced feelings of guilt
- acceptance of one’s role in perpetuating racism
- Renewed determination to abandon white entitlement
- values diversity, increased knowledge about cultural differences
- Comfort with nonracist white identity
- does personalize attacks on white supremacy
