Murmurs

Question 1

what is S1?

Answer 1

mitral and tricuspid valves closing

Question 2

what is S2?

Answer 2

aortic and pulmonary valves closing

Question 3

what is S3?

Answer 3

extra sound which is normal in people aged 15-40 but can indicated heart failure in older people

Question 4

when is S4 heart?

Answer 4

just before S1

Question 5

is S4 ever normal?

Answer 5

no

always pathological

Question 6

what can cause S4?

Answer 6

ventricular hypertrophy

Question 7

what special manouvres can be used to hear mitral stenosis better?

Answer 7

get patient to lie on left hand side

Question 8

what special manouvre can be used to hear aortic regurgitation better?

Answer 8

patient sat up, deep breathe in then out and hold it

Question 9

grades of murmurs?

Answer 9

1 = hard to hear
2 = quiet
3 = easy to hear
4 = easy to hear with a thrill
5 = can hear with stethoscope hardly touching chest
6 = can hear with stethoscope not touching chest