duplication
extra copies are added
deletion
deletion a piece of a chromosome breaks off
inversion
section of chromosome gets flipped around
translocation
a piece of one chromosome breakes off and attaches to another
nondisjunction
both chromosomes go into one cell instead of 2
Karotypes are arrenged by
width, thickness pattern, homogoulus pairs
nonsense mutation
when a stop codon is added
missesne
one nucleotide is changed
frameshift mutations
deleton and insertion