1
Q
name 3 reasons WHY you will use mydriatics on a patient
A
- enables more thorough examination of the eye e.g. peripheral crystalline lens, vitreous, fundus
- stereo fundus examination
- for treatment e.g. uveitis (mostly my ophthalmologists)
2
Q
name 4 reasons/times WHEN you will use mydriatics on a patient
A
- on patients at risk of a retinal detachment
- patients with symptoms
- for screening
- inadequate fundus view
3
Q
which 3 types of patients may be at risk of a retinal detachment
A
- high myopia
- family history
- trauma
4
Q
list what types of symptoms a patient may have that you will need to use mydriatics on
A
- unexplained vision loss/visual field loss
- visual disturbance
- floaters
- flashes
- veils
- shadows
5
Q
which 3 types of patients will you need to do screening on with mydriatics
A
- diabetics (neovascular vessels and tortuosity)
- high myopia
- prior to ocular surgery
6
Q
which 2 reasons may you want to use mydriatics on when experiencing inadequate fundus view
A
- lens/media opacities
- miotic pupils (especially elderly patients, who also more likely to have cataracts and diabetes)
7
Q
what are the 6 ideal properties of a mydriatic
A
- rapid onset
- adequate duration (lasts long enough to see back of eye)
- fast recovery
- no associated cycloplegia and adverse effects
- light reflex is abolished
- no rise in intraocular pressure (easily reversed in an emergency)
8
Q
what 7 things must you do/check prior to dilation
A
- have a good reason to use the drug
- explain the procedure (px can’t drive after etc)
- px consent
- issue written information
- advise about the effects - glare, loss of stereo vision, driving, operating machinery
- check for contraindications (incase of an allergic reaction, check BNF)
- minimise the risk of adverse reactions (check IOPs before insertion)
9
Q
list the 4 D test
A
- Drug
- Dosage
- Date
- Disposal
and time
all should be checked/written/done
10
Q
where should the drugs be disposed
A
in the yellow bin
11
Q
why should you note down the time that the drug was instilled
A
to know when the maximum effect is
12
Q
list 6 general contraindications of using mydriatics
A
- hypersensitivity to drug
- iris clip IOLs
- narrow angles (do slit lamp examination before instilling)
- patient with symptoms suggestive (e.g. high hyperope) of sub acute or chronic closed angle glaucoma (CAG)
- patient with diagnosed CAG
- px using pilocarpine for glaucoma treatment
13
Q
what happens within the eye during closed angle glaucoma
A
the iris is bowed forward and can touch the back of the cornea which blocks the outflow of aqueous
14
Q
list the signs and symptoms of closed angle glaucoma
A
- blurred vision from cloudy cornea
- haloes
- headache
- painful
- vomiting/nausea
- photophobia
- sudden increase in IOP (usually >40mmHg)
- conjunctival hyperaemia
- cloudy cornea
- fixed mid-dilated pupil
- closed angle
15
Q
list 4 things you will do/check to minimise the risk of a CAG
A
- IOP, pre and post dilation
- anterior angles
- existing symptoms?
- use of biotic drug
16
Q
what will you do and how when checking IOP pre and post dilation in order to minimise risk of CAG
A
- check if theres a significant rise in IOP or an asymmetric rise (as CAG is most likely to happen in one eye)
- monitor rises in IOP (post dilation)
- refer to eye casualty if continues to rise
17
Q
how will you check anterior angles in order to minimise risk of CAG
A
- gonioscopy
- van herrick
if you see narrow angles without symptoms, still refer for further checks
18
Q
list 2 other names for antimuscarinic mydriatics
A
- muscarinic antagonists
- anticholinergic
19
Q
list the three types of anti muscarinic mydriatics
A
- tropicamide
- cyclopentolate
- atropine
20
Q
which anti muscarinic is rarely used as a mydriatic
A
cyclopentolate
21
Q
which anti muscarinic is very unlikely to be used as a mydriatic
A
atropine
22
Q
which anti muscarinic is most likely to be used as a mydriatic
A
tropicamide
23
Q
which anti muscarinic mydriatic is only available to independent prescribers
A
atropine
24
Q
how do anti muscarinic drugs work
A
by blocking Ach effects on muscarinic receptors
25
list another name for a sympathomimetic mydriatic
alpha agonist
26
name the type of sympathomimetic mydriatic
phenylephrine
27
how do sympathomimetic mydriatic drugs work
enhancing noradrenaline effects on alpha 1 adrenoceptors
28
what 2 other things does phenylephrine do to the eye
- makes the eyes look whiter, as it constricts the blood vessels
- widens the interpalpebral aperture, as it contracts mullers muscle
29
which ANS branch do antimuscarinic mydriatics work on
parasympathetic
30
which mydriatic is involved in affecting accommodation and why
antimascurinics as it affects the ciliary muscle as well as the sphincter
31
which branch of the ANS won't affect accommodation or light reflex
sympathetic
32
which muscle does the sympathetic branch of the ANS affect
dilator
33
which ANS branch does the iris sphincter muscle innervate
parasympathetic
34
what do antimuscarinic drugs cause paralysis of
the parasympathetic nervous system
35
what do antimuscarinic drugs inhibit the action of
Ach at the end of postganglionic nerves
36
what three things does antimuscarinic drugs produce
- mydriasis
- cycloplegia
- reduced tear secretion
37
which type of drug is a alpha agonist
sympathomimetic/phenylephrine
38
which transmitter do sympathomimetic drugs work on
neurohumoral transmitter at most sympathetic postganglionic neuro-effector junctions
39
what 2 things in the body do sympathomimetic drugs have exceptions on
- sweat glands
| - vasodilator fibres on skeletal muscle
40
list the alpha and beta receptors that sympathomimetic drugs bind with
- mainly alpha 1 receptors in dilator papillae muscle
- alpha 1 excitatory, alpha 2 inhibitory
- beta 1 excitatory, beta 2 inhibitory
41
in how long does tropicamide cause mydriasis within
15 minutes
42
after how long is recovery from tropicamide
8-9 hours
43
with which drug is light reflect absent
tropicamide
44
which drug induces a mild cycloplegic effect
tropicamide
45
what may tropicamide cause
a rise in IOP but likely to be transitory
46
which drug has fewer contraindications
tropicamide
47
how long does phenylephrine cause mydriasis within
30 minutes
48
how long does phenylephrine cause mydriasis for
12-24 hours
49
with which drug is light reflex retained
phenylephrine
50
what is phenylephrine less likely to produce
a rise in IOP as sector mydriasis
51
which drug is associated with numerous contraindications with other medications
phenylephrine
52
which category of medicine is tropicamide
a POM for use and supply by all optometrists
53
which two forms/packaging is tropicamide available in
- single use, minims by bausch and lomb
| - multi-dose containers, mydriacyl by alcon
54
what single use doses is tropicamide available in
0.5% and 1.0%
55
at what temperature should tropicamide single use minims be stored below
25 degrees celsius
56
what dose of tropicamide will you use if you want to paralyse some accommodation
1.0%
57
what multi use doses is tropicamide available in
0.5% and 1.0%
58
at what temperature should tropicamide multi dose containers be stored below
2-8 degrees celsius and protect from light
59
what % of tropicamide is used on darker irides
1%
60
which mydriatic is better to use during pregnancy
Tropicamide is better to use than phenylephrine
61
what must women who are using tropicamide not do
breast feed
62
list the 4 immediate side effects or using tropicamide
- transient stinging
- transient blurring
- photophobia
- raised IOP?
63
list 4 side effects of tropicamide as a result of prolonged administration
- irritation
- hyperaemia
- oedema
- conjunctivitis
64
what is the general body side effect of tropicamide
| which type of patient does it mainly affect
- CNS which effects dry mouth
| - mainly affects children, with blue eyes and blonde hair
65
which category of medicine is phenylephrine
P medicine - such as lemsip etc
66
which forms/packaging is phenylephrine available in
single use, minims by Bausch & Lomb
67
what doses is phenylephrine available in
- 2.5%
| - 10%
68
at what temperature should phenylephrine single use minims be stored below
25 degrees celsius and protect from light
69
which type of patients is 10% phenylephrine contraindicated in and why
children and the elderly (>65 years)
| because of its increased risk of systemic toxicity
70
which type of eyes may phenylephrine be less effective on
highly pigmented
71
what does phenylephrine cause vasoconstriction of
conjunctival blood vessels
72
list 7 things that phenylephrine is contraindicated with
- medication for cardiovascular problems
- medication for depression
- thyrotoxicosis
- insulin dependent diabetes
- asthma
- pregnancy/lactation
- use of pilocarpine
73
list the 2 medications for cardiovascular problems that phenylephrine is contraindicated with
- anti hypertensives
| - tachycardia
74
list the 2 medications for depression that phenylephrine is contraindicated with
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
| - tricyclic antidepressants
75
which type of mydriatic will you use on a insulin dependent diabetic
tropicamide
76
how is phenylephrine contraindicated with pregnancy/lactation
it may cause transient fatal hypoxia
77
how is phenylephrine is contraindicated with pilocarpine and on which type of patients
- older px = pupil block
| - young px = accommodative spasm, causing contraction of the ciliary muscle
78
list the 6 immediate side effects of phenylephrine
- transient stinging
- transient blurring
- photophobia
- lid retraction
- conjunctival allergic reaction
- punctate keratitis
79
list the 5 general body side effects of phenylephrine
- palpitations
- tachycardia
- cardiac arrhythmias
- hypertension
- headaches
80
how does phenylephrine cause all these general body side effects
the drug gains access to systemic blood supply via the puncta, blood vessels or mucous
81
name the two drugs which can be used as synergistic combinations and for what purpose they're used for
combinations of antimuscarinics and sympathomimetics
e.g. tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 2.5%
this allows for lower concentrations of antimuscarinic to be used which results in less cyclo effect
82
what category of medicine is mydriasert
prescription only medicine POM
83
in what form does mydriasert come in
insoluble ophthalmic insert
84
what does mydriasert contain
phenylephrine and tropicamide
85
how fast is mydriasert released
gradually
86
when is mydriasert used
pre-operatively and diagnostically
87
how is mydriasert instructed for use
in adults insert up to max. 2 hours before procedure
| remove within 30 mins of mydriasis and within 2 hours of application
88
name 2 other mydriatic drugs other than tropicamide, phenylephrine and mydriasert
- cyclopentolate
- homatropine
both antimuscarinics
89
when does the mydriatic effect of homatropine commence in
10-20 mins
90
when does maximal mydriasis occur with homatropine
30-40 mins
91
what 2 things are absent with homatropine
- light reflex
| - accommodation
92
after how long is recovery achieved with homatropine
up to 3 days (so its rarely used)
Therapeutics
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
general principles of pharamacology lec 1103
-
Mydriatics92
-
Cyclopegics112
-
Drugs and the eye77
-
Medicines and the law/prescription writing and signed orders33
-
optometric prescribing61
-
anaesthetics64
-
diagnostic stains41
-
resources to support therapeutic practice68
-
principles of prescribing71
-
ophthalmic drugs: anti-inflammatory drugs106
-
Dry eye preparations92
-
ophthalmic drugs: anti-infective drugs118
-
ophthalmic drugs: anti-glaucoma70
-
systemic drugs: cardiovascular107
-
systemic drugs: CNS110
-
principles of toxicology103
-
The pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma50
-
pathogenesis of infectious disease106
