What does muscle health directly impact?
HEALTH OF OTHER BODY SYSTEMS
How is skeletal muscle developed pre-natal?
- Mesodermal progenitor cells, through determination factor MyoD expression, become myoblasts.
- Signals cause the myoblasts to withdraw from the cell cycle and elongate to become myocytes
- Myocytes fuse to form multinucleated myotubes
- Other signals cause myotubes maturation to become myofibre
How is skeletal muscle developed
- MUSCLE SATELLITE CELLS MAINTAIN BOTH STEM CELL AND PROGENITOR POPULATIONS
Describe the hierarchical structure of skeletal muscle.
Is a longitudinal view or cross section view better?
- Cross section, we can actually see the structures.
Where are the nuclei found for muscle cells?
- Inside
Compare the location of satellite cells and nuclei for muscle cells.
- Satellite cells are sandwiched between basal lamina and sarcolemma, whereas myonuclei sits beneath both of them.
Electron microscope can differentiate satellite cells and nuclei, which is which?
Label the basic components of a sarcomere.
Describe what they are.
- Sarcomere exists between two Z lines
- Thick myosin filaments attached to M band and go towards Z line
- Thin actin myofilament attached from Z line and go towards the M band
- Causes lighter and darker areas due to overlap between myofilament.
- H band is white and defined by only myosin filaments.
- I filament is the white defined by the actin filaments on either side of the I band
- A band is from one edge of myosin filaments to the other
What are the 3 parts to muscle mechanics?
-EFR
What are the agonist(working) and antagonist (relaxing) working together for the following movements:
-Flexion at the elbow
-Extension at the elbow
-Flexion at the knee
-Extension at the knee
What changes happen to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?
Fully relaxed sarcomere changes when contracted.
Sarcomeres on either side are being drawn to M band (actin moves in)
- Z line move closer together
- H band becomes smaller and darker
- I band becomes smaller
- A band doesnt change
How does excitation-contraction coupling occur at neuromuscular junction?
-Up to the generation of action potential.
- ACh within synaptic vesicles is released from nerve terminals
- ACh is released at neuromuscular junction which binds to AChR which allows entry of Na+
- This influx of Na+ induces action potential across the T tubules along the myofibre
How does excitation-contraction coupling occur at neuromuscular junction?
-After generation of action potential across T-tubles
- In a relaxed state, dihydropyridine receptor are across and attached to the T tubules
- DHPR are also physically connected to RyR which is attached to SR where we find intracellular pools of Ca2+
- Skeletal muscles have their own Ca2+ stores, so we don’t need to add Ca2+, unlike cardiomyocytes (Ca induced Ca release)
- Once we have action potential across T tubules, this induces conformational change of DHPR, which causes RyR to move, allowing it to detach, allowing release of Ca2+ within the muscle cell
- Ca2+ binds to troponin C which causes conformational change, moving the tropomyosin filament, allowing the myosin head to bind to actin filament, which brings actin closer to M band
Where does depolarisation happen?
-MYOFIBER TRIAD
How does relaxation occur after contraction?
- ACh degraded by ACh esterase
- Conformation of DHPR-RyR is restored
- Ca2+ is taken up by SR via SERCA
- Ca2+ releases troponin
Why is ATP important for muscle contraction?
- Myosin head is attached to ADP and Pi which allows it to attach to the troponin on the actin filament so that it can draw the actin filament towards the M band. As it does so, it releases ADP and Pi.
- Myosin head remains attached to the actin filament and can only detach if it is bound again by an ATP molecule, otherwise, it remains bound and fully contracted → rigor mortis
ATP → ADP + Pi in order to detach, so that cycle can occur again
Where does ATP come from?
- Stored ATP reserves
- Stored creatine phosphate
- Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration
- Fatty acid oxidation
(amount of ATP increases as we go down the list but so does time..)
How do we get ATP via creatine phosphate?
- When we need ATP creatine kinase reverses the reaction
How do we get ATP via anaerobic respiration?
How do we get ATP via aerobic respiration?
- Pryuvate is formed from glucose through glycolysis
- Pryuvate enters mitochondria to go through Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system
- Oxygen is brought within the skeletal muscle cells by myoglobin, which provides the red colour of muscle
How do we get ATP via fatty acid oxidation?
- What can be depleted in order to cause fatigue?
- How can lactic acid build up cause fatigue?
- How long can the recovery for fatigue be?
- Depletion of:
- Oxygen
- Glycogen
- ATP
- ACh - Lactic acid build-up:
- Increase in H+, which interferes with
actin/myosin cross-bridges
- Intracellular acidosis which amplifies glycogen and ATP depletion - Several hours to 1 week
What are postural and phasic muscles?
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Connective tissue (Cartilage + Ligaments + Tendons)32
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Connective tissue (Bones + Joints)14
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Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis24
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Myology30
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Inherited muscle disorders24
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Resolution of Inflammation and tissue repair26
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BSS : The life course and ageing16
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BSS: Coping with chronic illness23
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What is pain?10
