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n Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the primary role of the nervous system?

A
  • Internalize external environment
  • Act upon it through voluntary and involuntary control
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2
Q

What are key functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Thinking
  • Reasoning
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Emotion
  • Motivation
  • Breathing
  • Digestion
  • Heart rate
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3
Q

What happens when these functions are elevated?

A

We become consciously aware of them (e.g.

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4
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A
  • Motor systems
  • Emotions
  • Personality
  • Planning
  • Problem-solving
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5
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A
  • Sensory integration
  • Depth perception
  • Language
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6
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s main function?

A

Vision—it occupies 1/3 of the brain

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7
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Forms memories and supports learning (postnatal development)

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8
Q

What systems are housed in the temporal lobe?

A
  • Auditory system
  • Olfactory system
  • Short-term memory
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9
Q

What is the cerebellum’s role?

A

Acts as a backup center for environmental interaction

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10
Q

What does the brainstem regulate?

A
  • Blood gases
  • Digestion
  • Alertness
  • Respiration
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11
Q

What structures make up the CNS?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Retina
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12
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A
  • Perception
  • Cognition
  • Action
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13
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

Nerves and receptors for muscle and eye movement

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14
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) do?

A
  • Sensory input from skin/muscles
  • Motor output to skeletal muscle
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15
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?

A
  • Involuntary functions
  • Organs
  • Glands
  • Smooth muscle
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16
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic (↑ heart rate)
  • Parasympathetic (↓ heart rate)
  • Enteric (gut brain)
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17
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A
  • Cell body (nucleus)
  • Dendrites (receive)
  • Axon (send)
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18
Q

What makes neurons excitable?

A

They use electrical and chemical signals to communicate

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19
Q

What does myelin do?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Insulates axons
  • Speeds up impulses#
  • Prevents short-circuiting
20
Q

What are the targets of neuron signals?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Muscles
  • Glands
  • Other neurons
21
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

22
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Retina
  • Inner ear
  • Olfactory system
23
Q

What is unique about unipolar neurons?

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A

One process splits into dendrite and axon—found in sensory ganglia

24
Q

What are interneurons?

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A

CNS neurons that process info between sensory and motor neurons (e.g.

25
What structural features classify neurons?
• Number of processes • Size • Shape • Dendritic branching
26
What is the functional classification of neurons?
• Sensory (afferent) • Motor (efferent) • Interneurons (processing)
27
What do interneurons do with unnecessary info?
Filter it out (e.g.
28
What is a diverging circuit?
One input communicates to many outputs
29
What is a converging circuit?
Many inputs combine to one output
30
What is a reverberating circuit?
Feedback loop that reinforces signals
31
Do neuroglia conduct impulses?
No—they support neurons
32
What are the main functions of neuroglia?
• Form BBB • Make myelin • Produce CSF • Perform phagocytosis
33
What is the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A selective barrier made by astrocytes to protect neurons from toxins
34
What is phagocytosis in neuroglia?
Microglia clean up debris and defend against disease
35
What does myelin do?
• Fatty insulation around axons • Speeds up conduction • Prevents signal loss
36
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in myelin where impulses jump—speeds conduction
37
What’s the difference between white and grey matter?
• White = myelinated axons • Grey = unmyelinated cell bodies/dendrites
38
What happens in demyelinating diseases like MS?
Myelin is destroyed
39
Can neurons regenerate?
Only in PNS if cell body is intact and Schwann cells are functional
40
What is the neurolemma?
Outer layer of Schwann cell that helps guide axon regrowth
41
What is ALS?
A neurodegenerative disease with reduced myelination—recent cure discovered
42
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
PNS demyelination—nerves can regenerate if immune attack stops
43
What happens with aging?
Increased plaques and demyelination
44
What is glaucoma?
Loss of peripheral vision due to optic nerve damage
45
What is macular degeneration?
Loss of central vision due to photoreceptor damage
BHE- CT1
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