Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > N: Forebrain > Flashcards

N: Forebrain Flashcards

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1
Q

Forebrain is made up of ____

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Internal Capsule
Limbic System

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2
Q

Telencephalon is _____

A

cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Diencephalon is ____

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

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4
Q

LImbic system is ____

A

hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala

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5
Q

Epithalamus is made up of ____ + ____

A

pinneal gland

habenula

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6
Q

___ makes up the largest part of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

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7
Q

Which pathways relay in the thalamic nuclei?

A

All sensory pathways besides olfaction

They all use different nuclei = creating different, distinct nuclei of thalamus

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8
Q

What borders the thalamus in a coronal section?

6 things.

A
  1. lateral ventricle (above)
  2. internal capsule (lateral)
  3. putamen (lateral)
  4. globus palladus (lateral)
  5. hypothalamus (inferior)
  6. third ventricle (medial)
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9
Q

The thalamic nuclei are divided into 6 subdivisions. Name them.

A 
anterior division
medial division
lateral division
intralaminar division
midline nuclei division
reticular nuclei division
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10
Q

Which subdivision of the thalamus is the largest?

A

lateral division

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11
Q

The anterior division of the thalamus contains ___

A

anterior nucleus (AN)

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12
Q

The medial division of the thalamus contains ____

A

dorsomedial nucleus (DM)

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13
Q

What are the 2 tiers of the lateral division?

A

dorsal tier

ventral tier

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14
Q

The dorsal tier of the lateral division contains ____

A 
lateral dorsal (LD)
lateral posterior (LP)
pulvinar
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15
Q

The ventral tier of the lateral division contains ____

A 
ventral anterior (VA)
ventral lateral (VL)
ventral posterior lateral (VPL)
ventral posterior medial (VPM)
medial geniculate (MGN)
lateral geniculate (LGN)
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16
Q

What are the intralmainar nuclei?

A

centromedial

parafascicular

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17
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except ___) are based on the same general theme of thalamic output

A

except reticular nuclei

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18
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except reticular) are based ont he same general theme of output w/ 2 neurons.

What are the 2 neurons?

A
  1. projecting neurons

2. interneurons

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19
Q

Describe the difference between projecting neurons and interneurons

(for output of all thalamic nuclei except reticular nucleus)

A

projecting nuerons - EXCITATORY

interneurons - INHIBITORY (and small)

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20
Q

Do all thalamic nuclei (except reticular) have the same proportion of projecting neurons to interneurons?

A

no

proportions vary from nuclei to nuclei

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21
Q

There are 2 types of thalamic input. What are they?

A

specific input

regulatory input

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22
Q

What is specific input

type of thalamic input

A

information from thalamus is passed nearly directly to the cortex (or wherever it’s going)

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23
Q

What is regulatory input

type of thalamic input

A

thalamic nuclei contribute to info before passing it along

comes from cerebral cortex (usually from a portion that got a projection input)

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24
Q

Thalamic nuclei are categorized based on _____

A

patterns of outputs and specific inputs

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25
What are the 3 main categories of thalamic nuclei?
1. relay nuclei 2. association nuclei 3. intralaminar/midline nuclei
26
Relay nuclei receive well-defined input from ____
subcortical source
27
Relay nuclei have projection neurons that send info to well defined areas of ___
cortex
28
The projection neurons of relay nuclei are regulated via ____
regulatory input (direct and indirect)
29
What are the 8 relay nuclei?
1. anterior nucleus (AN) 2. lateral dorsal (LD) 3. Ventral anterior (VA) 4. Ventral lateral (VL) 5. VPL 6. VPM 7. MGN 8. LGN
30
Anterior nuclei (relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: mamillothalamic tract and hippocampus cortical output: cingulate gyrus
31
Lateral dorsal (LD, relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
specific input: hippocampus cortical output: cingulate gyrus
32
Ventral anterior (VA, relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: basal ganglia cortical output: motor areas
33
Ventral lateral (VL, relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: cerebellum cortical output: motor areas
34
VPL (relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tract Cortical output: somatosensory gyrus
35
VPM (relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
``` 2 OPTIONS specific input: trigeminal system cortical output: somatosensory cortex OR specific input: central tegmental tract (Taste) cortical output: insula ```
36
MGN (relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: branchium of inferior colliculus Cortical output: Auditory cortex
37
LGN (relay nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: optic tract Cortical output: visual cortex
38
What is the major difference in specific inputs/cortical outputs in association nuclei vs relay nuclei of thalamus?
association nuclei of thalamus have input and output to cortical areas relay nuclei only have output to cortical areas (no input)
39
What are the 2 main areas of association cortex and their association nuclei?
1. Prefrontal cotex (DM nuclei) | 2. Parietal-occipital-temporal cortex (pulvinar-LP nuclei complex)
40
DM association nuclei function is for ____
foresight/affect remember: DM is with PREFRONTAL COTEX (foresight)
41
Pulvinar-LP association nuclei complex function is for ____
unknown | many involved with visual perception/attention
42
DM (association nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
specific input: prefrontal cortex, olfactory and limbic structures (amygdala) cortical output: prefrontal cortex
43
LP (association nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
Specific input: parietal lobe Cortical output: parietal lobe
44
Pulvinar (association nuclei) Specific input: ____ Cortical output: ____
specific input: parietal, occipital, temporal lobes cortical output: parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
45
Intralaminar and midline nuclei Specific input: ____ Project output: ____
Specific input: basal ganglia and limbic structures Project to: cortex, basal ganglia, limbic structures
46
The ____ nucleus is an important source of regulatory input to the thalamus
reticular nucleus
47
Reticular nucleus Input: ____ Output: ____
Input: cortex and thalamuis Output: INHIBITORY axons to the thalamus output DOES NOT GO TO CORTEX
48
What 2 types of fibers pass through the internal capsule?
thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers
49
Almost all fibers that go to/from the cortex pass through the ___
internal capsule
50
Fibers of the internal capsule collect and form ______ What passes through this structure?
cerebral peduncle corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticospinal tracts descend the cerebral peduncle
51
There are 5 divisions of the internal capsule relative to ____
the lenticular nucleus (globus pallidus + putamen)
52
What is the lenticular nucleus made up of?
globus pallidus and putamen
53
What are the 5 divisions of the internal capsule relative to the lenticular nucleus?
``` anterior limb posterior limb genu retrolenticular limb sublenticular limb ```
54
Tha anterior limb of the internal capsule is between ___
lenticular nucleus and caudate
55
The posterior limb of the internal capsule is between ___
lenticular nucleus and thalamus
56
The genu of the internal capsule is between ___
anterior and posterior limbs
57
The retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule is located ___
behind the lenticular nucleus
58
The sublentincular limb of the internal capsulei s located ___
beneath the lenticular nucleus
59
The retrolenticular nucleus receives information from the ___ visual field The sublenticular nucleus receives information from the ____ visual field
retroeltnicular -- inferor visual field sublenticular -- superior visual field
60
What structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body?
hypothalamus
61
What structure is critical in autonomic, endocrine and somatic functions?
hypothalamus
62
``` Hypothalamic borders: Superior - Anterior - Posterior - Medial - Lateral - Inferior - (many) ```
``` Superior - hypothalamic sulcus Anterior - Lamina terminalis Posterior - midbrain tegmentum medial - 3rd ventricle lateral - internal capsule inferior - optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, mamillary bodies ```
63
The hypothalamus is organized in 2 different ways. What are they/
longitudinally medial-laterally
64
What are the 3 regions created in longitudinal organization of hypothalamus?
anterior region tuberal region posterior region
65
What are the 3 regions created in medial-lateral organization of the hypothalamsu?
lateral medial periventricular
66
____ region of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of the reticular formation
lateral
67
____ region of the hypothalamus contains the medial forebrain bundle?
lateral
68
____ region of the hypothalamus contains hypothalamic subnuclei
medial
69
____ region of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of the periaqueductal gray of midbrain
periventricular
70
____ region of the hypothalamus contains the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
periventricular
71
Both the superior hypophyseal artery and the inferior hypophyseal artery are branches of ____
internal carotid artery
72
What does the superior hypophyseal artery supply?
capillary bed in infundibulum
73
Capillary bed in infundibulum drains into portal vessels in the ____
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
74
There is a second bed of capillaries around the ___
endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis
75
The inferior hypophyseal artery supplies ____
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
76
Capillaries of posterior pituitary drain into ____
cavernous sinus
77
_____ delivers anterior/posterior pituitary hormones through systemic circulation
cavernous sinus
78
Pituitary secretions are controlled by 2 types of ___
neuroendocrine cells
79
Are neuroendocrine cells true endocrines?
Yes. Because they release secretions into capillaries
80
Are neuroendocrine cells actually neurons?
Yes because the axons synapse on the walls of the capillaries
81
Where are the somas of neuroendocrine cells? ___ area
hypophysiotrophic area
82
Somas are located in the lower half of the ___ region and ___ region
pre-optic and tuberal
83
What are the 2 types of neuroendocrine cells?
parvocellular | magnocellular
84
Parocellular cell somas are located in which nuclei?
preoptic nuclei ventromedial nuclei arcuate nuclei
85
Magnocellular somas are located in which nuclei/
paraventricular nucleus | supraoptic nucleus
86
Parvocellular cells end in ___ Magnocellular cells end in ___
parveoclellular - end in median eminence magnocellular cells - end in posterior lobe
Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3
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