Scientific knowledge is considered a collection of:
- Theoretical abstract statements organized to form a theory
- classification systems
- predicting future and explaining past events
- provides explanation of cause of event
The concept of “vertebral motor unit” was described by? What is a vertebral motor unit?
- Junghanns
- a spinal fixation is a vertebral motor unit that has lessened mobility
Who is the “father” of homeopathy
Hahnemann
Most common type of complex nerve ending found in joint capsules and ligaments
- Ruffini
- Joint receptors include complex nerve endings, free nerve ending and Vater-Pacini corpuscles.
Discriminative mechanoreception and proprioception is a function of:
- Encapsulated receptors
- Axons with fast conduction velocity
- Receptor specificity
Sensory tactile receptors include:
- Hair follicle
- Meissner corpuscle
- Ruffini corpuscle
- Pacinian corpuscle
What is the muscle spinal a receptor for
Peripheral receptor of proprioception
Glefan and Tarlov were the first neurophysiologists to document that:
- Large nerve fibers are more susceptible to compression than smaller fibers and the latency of inactivation can be graded
- They studied the side effects of various pressures applied to nerve roots of dogs
How much compression of compound action potentials of dorsal roots reduces the initial values by half? Who studied this effect? What does this work document?
- 20 mmHg
- Sharpless
- The extreme sensitivity of nerve roots to compression
Crelin’s research did not consider the phenomenon of:
- axoplasmic transport
- the concept that nerves fail under increasing tensile load
What concept is replacing the bony misalignment concept? Who proposed this concept?
- Spinal fixation
- Irvin Korr although first mention dates to Heironymus in 1746
A vertebra may be fixed in a normal or abnormal position falls under what hypothesis
The fixation hypothesis
What is the fixation hypothesis
-holds that one type of subluxation is recognized by lessened mobility, soft tissue involvement, aberrant neural reflexes and segmental facilitation
What is subthreshold stimuli
-An enduring subliminal central excitatory state
What fibers supply nociceptive receptors
- A (alpha)
- C fibers
Pain pathways that are discriminative include:
- Spinothalamic tract
- Dorsal column
- Spinocervical tract
What is the spinocerebellar tract important for
- proprioception
- NOT pain
The Korr model of spinal fixation includes:
- CNS increased gain of gammamotorneuron in response to external forces
- results in spasm of muscle
What affects pathogenesis of spinal fixation
- organization of CNS into neuronal pools
- descending inhibition
- antidromic discharge
What is associated with vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency
- Dizziness
- Symptoms of Barré-Lieau
- “drop attacks”
- Migraine
Vertebral arteries are especially vulnerable to deflection and obstruction by subluxation of:
- C1
- Atlas laterality is often associated with vertebral artery deflection, although atlantoaxial facet subluxation has been implicated as well
Symptoms of Barré-Lieau syndrome:
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Nystagmus
- Suboccipital tenderness
What sign is considered pathognomonic for VBAI
- Temporary quadriplegia on cervical extension and rotation
- Instantaneous, temporary quadriplegia on cervical extension and rotation is called “drop attack”
What are risk factors for cerebrovascular accident following manipulation:
- unilateral vertebral artery obstruction by congenital or developmental factors
- degenerative discs in the lower cervical spine
- osteophytic outgrowths for zygapophyses
- atherosclerosis
