Tabula rasa
John Locke’s POV that children are born a “blank slate” and acquire characteristics through experience
Robert Havighurst
Theory of development: identified stages of growth & developmental tasks
Behaviorism
Skinner and Watson: the environment drives human development
Edward Thorndike
when a stimulus-response connection is followed by a reward, that connection is strengthened
Classical conditioning
food-salivation vs. bell-salivation (pairing of two unrelated stimuli–> same response)
Operant conditioning
chores–> hug or a cookie
**reinforcement of a behavior with a reinforcer (+/-)
Fixed ratio
Behavioral: reinforced by a fixed NUMBER of responses
variable ratio
Behavioral: reinforced, on the AVERAGE, every nth response (ex: every 3rd)
fixed interval
Behavioral: reinforced after a fixed period of TIME
Variable interval
Behavioral: reinforced, on AVERAGE, every nth minute/hour
5 stages of development-Freud
Psychoanalytic:
Oral: birth-18 mom
Anal: 2-3 y/o
Phallic: 3-5 y/o (electra/oedipus)
Latent: 6-12 y/o
Genital: 12+
projection
PsychoanalyticProjecting my PERSONAL feelings onto someone else
reaction formation
Psychoanalytic: expressing a feeling in a completely different way than intended/true (ex: I hate someone, so I’m extra nice to them)
displacement
Psychoanalytic: displacing or projecting my feelings onto a different target than intended (ex: I hate my boss and am angry, but choose to take it out on my wife)
Introjection
Psychoanalytic: taking on the values and beliefs of others and integrating as your own
sublimation
Psychoanalytic: channeling energy into a socially acceptable activity rather than anxiety/tension
Erikson’s 8 stages
- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 mos; Hope)
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 y/o) (Will–sense of self): developing independence and sense of self
- Initiative vs. Guilt (Responsibility) (3-6 y/o) (Purpose, goal setting): meeting challenges and assuming responsibility
- Industry vs. inferiority (6-11 y/o) (Competence): mastering social and academic skills
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 y/o) (Fidelity= commitment): social and vocational identity development
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) (Love): intimate relationships and connection
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood; Care): wanting to contribute value and make a difference
- Integrity vs. Despair (later adulthood; wisdom): regrets vs. content
Piaget’s stages
- Sensorimotor (birth-2): Learning through the senses; can differentiate objects from the self; can think of an object that is not present
- Preoperational (2-7): language development, symbols, Egocentric, lack of others’ POV, centrism
- Concrete operational (7-11): logical thinking, law of conservation
- Formal operational (11+): abstract thinking
Kohlberg
Moral Development theory
1. Pre-conventional: Punishment and obedience orientation
2. Conventional: Societal norms and expectations
3. Post-conventional: Universal ethical principals
Levinson and the midlife crisis
Most commonly in middle age d/t empty nest syndrome
Theory of development: Believed people experience 3 transitions in life (early, mid, and late adulthood) that challenge the individual to complete developmental tasks
Brofenbrenner
systematic approach of human development: Individual–> Microsystem—> Mesosystem–> Ecosystem–> Macrosystem–> Chronosystem
Albert Bandura’s Theory of Development
Social Learning Theory: development is informed by the environment (social) + cognitive factors (Learning)
Primary principle of social learning theory?
Self-efficacy: ability to complete a task
Theory of Intelligence: Spearman
Psychometric: two-factor theory or the g-factor theory, suggests that intelligence is composed of two distinct factors: the general factor (g) and specific factors
