1
Q
Anterior longitudinal ligament
A
Reinforces anterior discs, limits extension
2
Q
Posterior longitudinal ligament
A
Reinforces posterior discs, limits flexion
3
Q
Ligamentum nuchae = supraspinous ligament
A
Thicker than in thoracic/lumbar regions
Limits flexion
4
Q
Interspinous/intertransverse ligaments
A
Limit flexion and rotation/limits lateral flexion
5
Q
Ligamentum flavum
A
Attach lamina of one vertebrae to another, reinforces articular facets
Limits flexion and rotation
6
Q
Whiplash
A
flexion on extension injury
7
Q
Platysma
A
- Extends over front and side of neck
- Originates from subcutaneous tissue over the pectoralis major and deltoid and inserts on the lower border of the mandible and muscles around the mouth
- Depresses lower jaw and lip and angle of mouth, wrinkles skin of neck
8
Q
External Jugular Veins
A
- Formed by joining of posterior auricular vein and retromandibular vein
- Inferior course, superficial to sternocleidomastoid
- Drain into subclavian vein
9
Q
Anterior Jugular Veins
A
Drain anterior aspect of neck
Drain into subclavian vein
10
Q
Anterolateral Neck Muscles
A
Sternocleidomastoid
11
Q
Posterior Neck Muscles
A
Semispinalis capitis, Splenius capitis, Trapezius
12
Q
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
A
- divides neck into anterior and posterior triangles
- sternal & clavicular head insert onto mastoid process
13
Q
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle innervation
A
Innervation is spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
14
Q
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle action
A
- Acting together, muscles flex cervical part of vertebral column
- Contraction of one muscle pulls ear down to tip of shoulder on same side and rotates head so that face looks upward to the opposite side
15
Q
Bony and Cartilagenous Contents
A
- hyoid bone (C3 level)
- thyroid cartilage (C3/C4 level)
- cricoid cartilage (C5/C level)
- thyrohoid membrane
- cricothyroid membrane
16
Q
Throhyoid membrane
A
Between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
17
Q
Cricothyroid membrane
A
Between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
18
Q
Larynx
A
Organ of voice production and part of respiratory tract between lower part of pharynx and trachea
19
Q
Cartilages of larynx
A
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
20
Q
Goiter
A
- enlargement of thryoid gland
- can compress structures such as: trachea, larynx and esophagus
- iodine deficiency
- treated with radioactive iodine
21
Q
Part I of subclavian artery
A
vertebral artery
internal thoracic artery
thyrocervical trunk
22
Q
Part II of subclavian arterty
A
costcocervical trunk
23
Q
Part III of subclavian trunk
A
suprascapular artery
24
Q
Anterior triangle boundaries
A
- anterior border of SCM
- midline of neck
- inferior border of manible
- roof=platysma and investing layer of deep cervical fascia
25
Stylohyoid muscle
styloid process to hyoid
26
Stylohyoid muscle innervation
CN VII
27
Stylohyoid muscle action
Elevates and retracts hyoid during swallowing; elongates floor of mouth
28
Digastric muscle
mandible to mastoid
29
Digastric muscle innervation
CN V3 and CN VIII
30
Digastric muscle action
Depresses mandible against resistance or elevates hyoid bone during swallowing or eating
31
Suprahyoid muscles
- stylohyoid
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
32
Infrahyoid muscles
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
- throhyoid
- sternothyroid
33
Omohyoid muscle
superior border of scapula to hyoid
| -has 2 bellies connected by intermediate tendon attached to clavicle by fibrous sling
34
Omohyoid muscle innervation
C1-C3 ansa cervicalis
35
Omohyoid action
depresses and fixes hyoid
36
Sternohyoid muscle
manubrium and medial clavicle to hyoid bone
37
Sternohyoid innervation
C1-C3 ansa cervicalis
38
Sternohyoid action
depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
39
Thyrohyoid muscle
oblique line of thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
40
Thyrohyoid innervation
C1 via XII
41
Thyrohyoid action
depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
42
Sternothyroid muscle
posterior manubrium to oblique line of thyroid cartilage
43
Sternothyroid innervation
C-C3 ansa cervicalis
44
Sternothyroid action
depresses hyoid and larync
45
Anterior common cartoid arteries
- bifurcate at upper border of thyroid cartilage (C4 level)
- internal carotid
- external carotid
46
Internal Carotid
no branches in neck and ascends and enters cranium through carotid canal to supply brain
47
External Carotid
supplies most structures external to the cranium including: structures in neck, face, scalp, tongue and maxilla
48
Anterior triangle veins
Tributaries of Internal Jugular Vein (IJV)
| IJV leaves anterior triangle by passing deep to SCM muscle
49
Anterior triangle nerves
```
transverse cervical nerve (C2 and C3)
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
```
50
transverse cervical nerve
skin over anterior cervical region
51
hypoglossal nerve
motor nerve of tongue
| enters submandibular triangle deep to posterior belly of digastric muscle
52
Posterior triangle border
SCM
trapezius
clavicle
53
Floor of posterior triangle
prevertebral fascia covering:
1. splenius capitis
2. levator scapulae
3. middle scalene
4. posterior scalene
54
Roof of posterior triangle
platysma and deep cervical fascia
55
Nerves of posterior triangle
- spinal accessory (CN XI)
- roots of brachail plexus (C5-T1)
- cervical plexus (C1-C4)
56
Ansa cervicalis (C1,C2,C3)
innervates strap muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid muscles)
57
Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5)
- mainly C4
| - motor to diaphragm and sensory to central part
58
Anterior vertebral muscles
- longus colli
- longus capitis
- rectus capitis anterior
- anterior scalene
59
Longus colli attachments
runs between cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
60
Longus colli innervation
anterior rami C2-C6
61
Longus colli action
flexes neck
62
Longus capitis attachments
from occipital bone to transverse processes C3-C6
63
longus capitis innervation
anterior rami C1-C3
64
longus capitis action
flexes head
65
Rectus capitis anterior attachments
base of cranium to C1
66
rectus capitis anterior innervation
C1 and C2 spinal nerves
67
rectus capitis anterior action
flexes head
68
anterior scalene attachments
transverse processes C3-C6 to first rib
69
Anterior scalene innervation
C4-C6 spinal nerves
70
Anterior scalene actions
flexes head
71
Lateral vertebral muscles
- rectus capitis lateralis
- middle scalene
- posterior scalene
- splenius capitus
- levator scapulae
72
Rectus capitis lateralis attachments
occipital bone to transverse process C1
73
Rectus capitis lateralis innervation
C1 and C2
74
Rectus capitis lateralis actions
flexes head and stabilization
75
Middle scalene attachments
transverse processes of C2-C7 to first rib
76
Middle scalene innervation
anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
77
Middle scalene actions
Flexes neck laterally; elevates first rib during forced inspiration
78
Posterior scalene attachments
transverse processes of C5-C7 to second rib
79
Posterior scalene innervation
anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
80
Posterior scalene action
Flexes neck laterally; elevates second rib during forced inspiration
81
Splenius Capitus attachments
Inferior nuchal ligament and spinous processes of T1-T6 to mastoid process and lateral nuchal line
82
Splenius Capitus Innervation
posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves
83
Splenius Capitus actions
Unilateral: Laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side
Bilaterally: extends head and neck
84
Levator Scapulae attachments
Transverse processes of C2-C6 to superior part of medial border of scapula
85
Levator Scapulae innervation
dorsal scapular nerve C5
86
Levator scapulae action
elevates scapula
87
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
-descend through neck in carotid sheath & posterior to sternoclavicular joint to enter thoracic cavity
88
Phrenic Nerve (C4-C5)
- formed at lateral border of anterior scalene muscle
| - descend between subclavian arteries and veins to enter thorax on each side of mediastinum
89
Mylohyoid muscle
mandible to body of hyoid
90
Mylohyoid action
Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth and tongue during swallowing and speaking
91
Mylohyoid innervation
CN V3
92
Geniohyoid muscle
mandible to hyoid
93
Geniohyoid action
Pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth; widens pharynx
94
Geniohyoid innervation
C1 via CN XII
Anatomy
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