Neck

Question 1

Platysma muscle

Answer 1

Superficial muscle originating from the clavipectoral fascia. It courses superiorly over the neck and then inserts into the skin around the chin and mouth

Question 2

What nerve innervates the platysma muscle?

Answer 2

Cervical branch of the fascial nerve.

Question 3

Investing Layer of Dense Connective tissue

Answer 3

A sleeve binding ALL structures in the neck. It encompasses the SCM muscle and the Trapezius muscle.

Question 4

Infrahyoid Fascia

Answer 4

It covers the supra and infrahyoid muscles (called the strap muscles)

Question 5

Pretracheal Fascia

Answer 5

Viscera covered with a layer of fascia including the thyroid, parathyroid, trachea, and esophagus

Question 6

Carotid Sheath

Answer 6

Carotid Artery
Internal Jugular Vein
Vagus Nerve

Question 7

Prevertebral (Deep cervical) Fascia

Answer 7

Covers the vertebral musculature

Question 8

Superficial muscles of the neck

Answer 8

1. ) SCM- tilts head to side; laterally flexes neck and rotates head toward opposite side (and somewhat superiorly)
2. ) Trapezius

Question 9

What are the borders of the Anterior Triange?

Answer 9

Superiorly: Inferior border of the mandible
Posteriorly: SCM
Anteriorly: Anterior median

Question 10

What muscles divide the anterior triangle into four smaller triangles?

Answer 10

1. ) Omohyoid Muscle (Superior Belly)

2. ) Digastric Muscle ( Anterior and Posterior Belly)

Question 11

Submental Triangle Borders

Answer 11

Inferior: hyoid bone
Left: Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Right: Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Question 12

Submandibular Triangle (Digastric Triangle)

Answer 12

Superior: Inferior border of the mandible
Posteriorinferior: Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Anteroinferior: Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Question 13

Carotid Triangle

Answer 13

Posterior: Anterior surface of the SCM
Anterosuperior: Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Anteroinferior: Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Question 14

Muscular Triangle (omotracheal triangle)

Answer 14

Anterior: Anterior median line
Posterosuperior: Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Posterioinferior: SCM

Question 15

Suprahyoid Muscles

Answer 15

These are the muscles within the submandibular triangle.

1. ) Digastric muscle (Which is divided into anterior and posterior bellies by a FASCIAL SLING)
2. ) Stylohyoid
3. ) Mylohyoid
4. ) Geniohyoid

Question 16

Suprahyoid Muscles

Answer 16

There are a total of 5 muscles these are the muscles within the submandibular triangle.

1. ) Digastric muscle (Which is divided into anterior and posterior bellies by a FASCIAL SLING)
2. ) Stylohyoid- splits and wraps around the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle
3. ) Mylohyoid- forms the floor of the oral cavity
4. ) Geniohyoid- lies deep to the mylohyoid muscle

Question 17

What nerve is the Geniohyoid muscle innervated by?

Answer 17

C1 root of the ansa cervicalis

Question 18

What is the function of the mylohyoid

Answer 18

Helps to raise the tongue

Question 19

What is the function of the mylohyoid?

Answer 19

Helps to raise the tongue

Question 20

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 20

They function to raise the hyo-laryngeal complex during swallowing and vocalization. They also assist in depression of the mandible (jaw opening)

Question 21

Which triangle does the suprahyoid muscles lie in?

Answer 21

Submandibular triangle.

Question 22

Which muscles are the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 22

1. ) Superior belly Omohyoid
2. ) Inferior belly Omohyoid
3. ) Sternohyoid
4. ) Sternothyroid
5. ) Thyrohyoid

Question 23

what is the function of the fibrous sling in the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 23

Holds down the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle to the clavicle

Question 24

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 24

Lower either the hyoid or thyroid cartilage

Question 25

What nerve innervates most of the infrhyoid muscles? What muscle is the exception? What nerve is this muscle exception innervated by?

Answer 25

The ansa cervicalis C1-C3. Muscle exception = thyrohyoid The thyrohyoid is innervated by the nerve to the thyrohyoid which comes directly from C1

Question 26

What muscles does the facial nerve (Cranial nerve VII) innervate?

Answer 26

1. ) Posterior belly of the digastric | 2. )Stylohyoid

Question 27

What muscles does the nerve to the mylohyoid (Nerve V3) innervate?

Answer 27

1. ) Anterior belly of the digastric | 2. ) Mylohyoid muscle

Question 28

What muscles does the ansa cervicalis innervate?

Answer 28

1. ) Sternohyoid muscle 2. ) Sternothyroid muscle 3. ) Omohyoid muscle (both)

Question 29

What muscles does C1 innervate? | Note: C1 is traveling with the hypoglassal nerve

Answer 29

1. ) Thyrohyoid | 2. ) Geniohyoid

Question 30

What can you find in the submandibular triangle?

Answer 30

1. ) Submandibular gland 2. ) Mylohyoid Nerve (V3) 3. ) Hypoglassal Nerve (XII) 4. ) Facial Artery (passing deep through the submandibular gland) 5. ) Facial Vein (Passing superficial to the submandibualr gland) 6. ) Lingual Artery 7. ) Lingual Nerve

Question 31

What can you find in the submental triangle?

Answer 31

The submental triangle contain lymph nodes and small veins that unite to form the anterior jugular vein

Question 32

What vessels are in the Carotid Triangle?

Answer 32

1.) Superior portion of the common carotid 2.) A large part of the Internal carotid. 3.) External Carotid Artery and it branches Superior Thyroid Artery Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Lingual Artery Facial Artery Occipital Artery Posterior Auricular Artery Superficial Temporal Artery Maxillary Artery

Question 33

What muscles are the external carotid artery responsible for supplying?

Answer 33

The external carotid artery is responsible for supplying the neck, superficial face, and the deep face.

Question 34

What artery gives off the Transverse Facial Artery?

Answer 34

Superficial Temporal Artery

Question 35

What artery gives off the Superior Laryngeal Artery?

Answer 35

Superior Thyroid Artery

Question 36

What are the branches of the external Carotid?

Answer 36

mneumonic- Some Angry Lady figured out PMS. ``` Superior Thyroid Artery Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Lingual Artery Facial Artery Occipital Artery Posterior Auricular Artery Superficial Temporal Artery Maxillary Artery ```

Question 37

What nerves are in the carotid triangle?

Answer 37

1. ) Vagus Nerve (X)- It runs between the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artey. 2. ) Spinal accessory Nerve (XI)- Enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric 3. ) Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) - Also enters from behind the posterior belly of digastric. It then loops into the floor of the mouth. 4.) Cervical Sympathetic Trunk- Located behind the posterior wall of the carotid sheath. Here we can see the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia.

Question 38

What nerve branches does the Vagus Nerve give off?

Answer 38

1. ) Pharyngeal branch 2. ) Superior Laryngeal nerve a. ) Internal Laryngeal nerve b. ) External Laryngeal nerve 3. ) Nerve to the Carotid Body 4. ) Cardiac Nerves 5. ) Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve a. ) On the right loops around the subclavian artery b. ) On the left wraps around the arch of the aorta Note: On the right side the recurrent Laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all of the muscles of vocalization with the exception of the circothyroid muscle.

Question 39

What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 39

External laryngeal nerve

Question 40

What nerve innervates all of the muscles of vocalization with the exception of the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 40

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Question 41

Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia

Answer 41

1. ) Superior- C1-C4 Large ganglion that supplies structures of the head via the internal carotid plexus. 2. ) Middle - C5-C6 3. ) Inferior C7-C8

Question 42

What can present if the sympathetic chain in the neck is interrupted?

Answer 42

Horner's Syndrome

Question 43

What is Horner's syndrome?

Answer 43

Marked by ptosis of the effected eyelid; miosis of the affected pupil; and anhydrois (lack of sweating) on the affected side.

Question 44

Subclavian Artery Branches marked by Anterior Scalene Musclce.

Answer 44

Braches of the subclavian artery V = vertebral I = internal thoracic (mammary) artery T = thyrocervical trunk 1.) Inferior thyroid artery, 2.) Ascending Cervical artery 3.) Transverse Cervical artery 4.)suprascapular artery, C = costocervical trunk 1. ) supreme intercostal artery 2. ) deep cervical artery D = dorsal scapular artery

Question 45

Where does the lymphatics of the face and head drain? Elaborate.

Answer 45

Inferiorly into the pericervical lymphatic collar. The collar consist of a series of connected lymph nodes which form a chain that encircles the junction of the head and neck. The following lymph nodes make up the collar: 1. ) Occipital nodes 2. )Postauricular nodes 3. ) Preauricular nodes 4. ) Buccal 5. ) Submandibular nodes 6. ) Submental nodes

Question 46

There is only ONE thoracic duct. Where is it located? Where does it receive lymphatic drainage from? Where does it dump its fluids back into the main circulatory system?

Answer 46

Thoracic duct located on the LEFT SIDE ONLY. Receives lymphatic drainage from the entire body except the right head, neck, upper extremity and thorax. The thoracic duct enters the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein. On the right side it enters at the right internal jugular, or right subclavian vein.

Question 47

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty? What lymph is it draining?

Answer 47

Right neck, head, upper arm and thorax. It enters into the right internal jugular, or right subclavian vein.

Question 48

what is cervical pleura aka cupula

Answer 48

It is an area in the neck region where the membraneous covering of the lung(pleura) can be seen extending approximtately one inch above the medial third of the clavical.

Question 49

What arteries supply the thyroid gland? What are they branches of?

Answer 49

The superior and inferior thyroid arteries. A branch of the external carotid artery and a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery respectively.

Question 50

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic supply reach the thyroid gland?

Answer 50

Sympathetic: via the middle cervical ganglion Parasympathetic: supplied by the laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve.

Question 51

How many parathyroid glands do we have? Where are they loacted? What do they secrete?

Answer 51

Four. Located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone, a small protein that regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Take a moment to appreciate how important calcium regulation is.

Question 52

Prevertebral Muscles

Answer 52

These muscles lie deep to the prevertebral fascia Anterior Group: 1. Longus coli 2. Longuscapitis 3. Rectus capitas anterior 4. Anterior Scalene Lateral Group: 1. Rectus capitis lateralis 2. Splenius Capitis 3. Levator Scapulae 4. Middle and Posterior Scalenes

Question 53

What is the relationship between the facial artery, facial vein and the submandibular gland?

Answer 53

They can all be found in the submandibular triangle? The facial artery lies deep to the submandibular gland while the facial vein lies superficial to the submandibular gland.

Question 54

How many nerves should we find in the submandibular triangle? Which ones are they?

Answer 54

Hypoglossal nerve Facial nerve Lingual nerve Nerve to the mylohyoid

Question 55

Which three of the arteries branching from the external carotid branch off posteriorly?

Answer 55

1. Ascending Laryngeal artery 2. Occipital artery 3. Posterior auricular artery