Neck

Question 1

Superficial fascia of the neck

Answer 1

Contains

1. Sensory n.
2. Vessels
3. Superficial lymph nodes
4. Platysma m.

Question 2

Deep cervical fascial of the neck

Answer 2

1. Investing layer: splits to enclose trapezius and SCM . (CN XI)
   A. Encloses submandibular gland -> fibrous capsule parotid gland
   B. Prevents infection -> deep layers => won’t spread past manubrium
2. Pretracheal
   A. Muscular layer:
   
   1. Infrahyoid m
   2. Omohyoid -> blend w/ carotid sheath
      B. Visceral layer: anterior tracheal structures
   3. Cont w/ buccopharyngeal fascia posterior tracheal structures -> pharynx
      C. Infection between muscular and visceral pretracheal -> superior mediastinum

Question 3

Prevertebral fascia of neck

Answer 3

1. Base of skull -> T3 -> blends anterior longitudinal lig -> upper limb
2. Sympathetic trunk and roots of brachial plexus
3. Infection -> neck -> swelling behind SCM
4. Infection -> retropharyngeal space -> bulge in pharynx -> difficulty swallowing and speaking -> mediastinum

Question 4

Carotid sheat

Answer 4

1. Carotid a.
2. Internal jugular v.
3. CN X
4. Deep lymph nodes
5. Sympathetic chain
6. Blends investing an pretracheal muscle fascia layers

Question 5

Muscles of the neck

Answer 5

1. Innervation: Ansa cervicalis
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Suprahyoid
4. Infrahyoid
5. Scalenes (ant rami C3-C8)
6. Longus colli and longus capitis (ant rami C1-C6)
7. Rectus capitis lateralis and anterior

Question 6

Ansa cervicalis

Answer 6

Motor component of cervical plexus

1. Superior root: from anterior ramus C1 joins w/ CN XII
2. Inferior root: anterior rami C2 and C3
3. Connection: superior root loops down around and up to join descending fibers from inferior root

Question 7

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Answer 7

1. Prox: mastoid process
2. Distal: superior manubrium
3. Innervation: CN XI
4. Fxn
   A. Bilateral : flex neck and extend head
   B. Unilateral : rotate head opp side and lateral flex same side

Question 8

Suprahyoid m.

Answer 8

1. Proximal: hyoid
2. Distal: mandible and skull
3. Fxn: elevate and retract/protract hyoid, open mandible at TMJ
4. Included muscles
   A. Digastric
   
   1. Anterior (CN V3)
   2. Posterior (CN VII)
      B. Stylohyoid (CN VII)
      C. Mylohyoid (CN V3)
      D. Geniohyoid (C1 via CN XII)

Question 9

Infrahyoid (strap) muscles

Answer 9

Depress/fix hyoid
1. Omohyoid
  A. Superior belly (C1-C3)
  B. Inferior belly (C2-C3)
2. Sternohyoid (C1-C3)
3. Sternothyroid (C1-C3)
4. Thyrohyoid (C1 via CN XII)

Question 10

Rectus capitis lateralis and anterior

Answer 10

1. Innervation: anterior rami C1

2. Fxn: flex and stabilize head

Question 11

Hyoid bone

Answer 11

Attachment site inferiorly anchoring tongue and neck muscles

Question 12

Triangles of the neck

Answer 12

1. Anterior triangle
  A. Submandibular triangle
  B. Carotid triangle 
2. Posterior triangle 
  A. Occipital triangle 
  B. Supra clavicle are triangle

Question 13

Anterior triangle

Answer 13

1. Borders
  A. Midline
  B. Mandible
  C. SCM
2. Submandibular triangle
3. Carotid triangle

Question 14

Submandibular triangle

Answer 14

1. Submandibular gland
2. Lingual a.
3. CN XII deep

Question 15

Carotid triangle

Answer 15

1. Common, internal, and external carotid
   A. And external branches
2. Internal jugular branche sof CN IX, X, XI, XII
3. Ansa cervicalis
4. Ideal for Vagal-symp nerve block and cervicothoracic ganglion block

Question 16

Posterior triangle

Answer 16

1. Borders
  A. SCM
  B. Trapezius
  C. Clavicle
2. Occipital triangle
3. Supraclavicular triangle
4. Anterior rami branches of cervical plexus
5. CN XI
6. Phrenic n.
7. Supraclavicular parts brachial plexus
8. Subclavian a and v 
9. External jugular v.