Nephrology

Question 1

What are the 5Fs of abdominal distension

Answer 1

Fat
Fluid
Faeces
Flatus 
Foetus

Question 2

Give two causes of a unilateral kidney mass

Answer 2

Multicystic kidney

Wilms’ tumour

Question 3

Give two causes of a bilateral kidney mass

Answer 3

AR polycystic kidneys

Renal vein thrombosis

Question 4

Give 4 functions of the kidneys

Answer 4

1. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
2. Excretion of waste and drugs
3. Vit. D, erythropoietin, Renin and prostaglandin
4. Acid-base homeostasis

Question 5

Give 3 causes of oedema

Answer 5

• Heart failure
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Liver failure

Question 6

Give 3 causes of proteinuria

Answer 6

Glomerular disease
Tubular
Congestive HF

Question 7

What are the 3 features of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 7

• Proteinuria > 1g/m2/day
• Hypoalbuminemia (<25g/L)
• Oedema

Question 8

Give 3 classifications of nephrotic syndrome and a cause for each

Answer 8

Idiopathic: minimal change

Secondary: HSP

Congenital

Question 9

What is the main treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 9

High dose prednisolone

Question 10

give 4 non-glomerular causes of haematuria

Answer 10

• Infection
• Trauma
• Stones
• Sickle cell disease

Question 11

Give 2 glomerular causes of haematuria

Answer 11

Glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy

Question 12

What constitutes hypertension in children?

Answer 12

BP consistently >95th% for age and gender or height

Question 13

Give 3 causes of incomplete bladder emptying leading to UTI

Answer 13

• Infrequent voiding
• Vulvitis
• Constipation

Question 14

Give 4 symptoms of a UTI in infancy

Answer 14

Fever
Vomiting
FTT
Poor feeding

Question 15

Give 4 symptoms of a UTI in children

Answer 15

Dysuria
Frequency
Abdominal pain
Fever

Question 16

What should be done in suspected UTI <3 months?

Answer 16

Urgent microscopy and culture

Question 17

Which 2 dipstick results should be cultured and treated as a UTI?

Answer 17

 Nitrite and leukocyte +

 Nitrite +/leukocyte -

Question 18

What is the gold standard investigation for UTI?

Answer 18

MSSU for culture and sensitivity

Question 19

What is the UTI treatment for those <3 months?

Answer 19

IB ABX

Question 20

Give 4 methods of urine collection

Answer 20

• MSSU
• Catheter specimen
• Suprapubic aspiration
• Urine bag

Question 21

Define acute renal failure

Answer 21

Sudden reduction in renal function, oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hr

Question 22

Give one pre-renal, renal and post-renal cause of acute renal failure

Answer 22

Pre: hypovolaemia

Ren: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Post: Urinary obstruction

Question 23

Give 5 indications for dialysis

Answer 23

• Severe hyperkalaemia
• Severe volume overload
• Symptomatic uraemia
• Severe metabolic acidosis
• Removal of toxins

Question 24

What is a DMSA?

Answer 24

Static scan to delineate divided function of kidneys, shows scars

Question 25

What is a DTPA?

Answer 25

Dynamic scan, assessment of drainage and obstruction

Question 26

What is a MCUG?

Answer 26

Micturating Cystourethrogram: for vesicoureteric reflux, bladder outline