1
Q
What is the primary role of the nervous system?
A
The master controller of communication in the body.
2
Q
What are the three main functions of the nervous system?
A
- Sensory input
- Integration
- Motor output
3
Q
What is sensory input also known as?
A
Afferent input.
4
Q
What is motor output also known as?
A
Efferent output.
5
Q
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
6
Q
What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
7
Q
What are the main types of nervous tissue?
A
- Neurons
- Neuroglia
8
Q
What are the primary roles of neurons?
A
Responding to stimuli and transmitting electrical signals.
9
Q
What is the function of neuroglia?
A
Support and protect neurons.
10
Q
How many types of neuroglia are found in the CNS?
A
Four types.
11
Q
What are the types of neuroglia found in the CNS?
A
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
12
Q
What is the role of astrocytes?
A
Support neurons, determine capillary permeability, and guide synapse formation.
13
Q
What are microglia responsible for?
A
Monitoring neuron health and providing defense against pathogens.
14
Q
What is the role of ependymal cells?
A
Line central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, assisting in cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
15
Q
What do oligodendrocytes produce?
A
Myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the CNS.
16
Q
What are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?
A
- Satellite cells
- Schwann cells
17
Q
What is the function of Schwann cells?
A
Produce myelin sheath around thicker nerve fibers and assist in regeneration of damaged nerves.
18
Q
What does it mean that neurons are amitotic?
A
They lose their ability to divide once they assume their role.
19
Q
What are the three classifications of neurons based on function?
A
- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurons
- Interneurons
20
Q
What type of neuron has multiple processes extending from the cell body?
A
Multipolar neuron.
21
Q
What type of neuron has two processes extending from the cell body?
A
Bipolar neuron.
22
Q
What type of neuron has a single process that divides into two?
A
Unipolar neuron.
23
Q
What is an action potential?
A
A nerve impulse generated when the membrane depolarizes.
24
Q
What is a synapse?
A
A junction allowing information transfer between neurons.
25
What is the pre-synaptic neuron?
The neuron conducting the impulse towards the synapse.
26
What is the post-synaptic neuron?
The neuron transmitting the impulse away from the synapse.
27
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
* Sympathetic nervous system
* Parasympathetic nervous system
28
What is the sympathetic nervous system known for?
Mobilising body systems during activity (fight or flight).
29
What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Conserving energy (rest and digest).
30
What are the consequences of Multiple Sclerosis?
Irreversible loss of function due to damaged neurons in the CNS.
31
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
A demyelinating condition of the PNS that allows for nerve regeneration.
32
Fill in the blank: Neurons have a resting membrane potential of ______.
-70milliVolts.
33
True or False: Neurons can be replaced if destroyed.
False.
34
What do the dendrites of a neuron do?
Receive incoming signals.
35
What is the axon of a neuron responsible for?
Carrying outgoing information.
36
What is the insulating layer around an axon called?
Myelin sheath.
37
What is a synapse?
A junction that allows information transfer from one neuron to another or to an effector cell
## Footnote
The term 'synapse' comes from the Greek word meaning 'to join'.
38
What are the two types of synapses?
Electrical and chemical synapses
39
What is the role of the pre-synaptic neuron?
Sends information towards the synapse
40
What is the role of the post-synaptic neuron?
Receives information from the synapse
41
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses
42
What is the synaptic cleft?
The gap that separates pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons
43
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters?
An action potential reaching the axon terminal
44
What happens during exocytosis at the synapse?
Synaptic vesicles fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters
45
How is neurotransmitter action terminated?
By diffusion away, degradation by enzymes, or reuptake into the presynaptic terminal
46
What is the function of acetylcholine (ACh)?
Stimulates muscle contraction and can have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor
47
What effect does botulinum toxin have on ACh?
Blocks the release of ACh, preventing muscle contraction
48
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
49
What effect does alcohol have on GABA?
Enhances GABA's inhibitory effects
50
What are endorphins?
Natural opiates that inhibit pain and are released during exercise
51
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the feeling of pleasure?
Dopamine
52
True or False: Serotonin reuptake is blocked by antidepressants known as SNRIs.
True
53
Fill in the blank: Acetylcholine is synthesized from _______ and choline.
acetic acid
54
What role do catecholamines play in the brain?
Involved in emotional behavior and regulation of the biological clock
55
What is the effect of anti-acetylcholinesterase agents?
Prevents degradation of ACh, causing sustained muscle movement
56
What neurotransmitter is deficient in Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine
57
What is the primary function of neuropeptides?
Inhibit pain and modulate various physiological functions
58
What is the relationship between endorphins and opiate drugs?
Opiate drugs mimic endorphins by binding to the same receptors
59
What are the two main components of the Central Nervous System?
Brain and spinal cord
60
What is the primary function of the Central Nervous System?
Master controller of the nervous system
61
Name the four distinct regions of the adult brain.
* Cerebral hemispheres
* Diencephalon
* Brain stem
* Cerebellum
62
What major structures are contained within the diencephalon?
* Thalamus
* Hypothalamus
* Epithalamus
63
What are the three components of the brain stem?
* Midbrain
* Pons
* Medulla oblongata
64
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Coordination of movement, posture, and balance
65
What are gyri and sulci?
* Gyri: Elevated ridges of tissue
* Sulci: Shallow grooves separating gyri
66
What separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
67
What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
* Frontal
* Parietal
* Temporal
* Occipital
* Insula
68
What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?
* Grey matter: Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glia, and blood vessels
* White matter: Myelinated and un-myelinated axons
69
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
* Provides buoyancy and cushioning
* Nourishes the brain
* Transports hormones
70
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
Choroid plexus
71
What condition results from blocked ventricular systems causing CSF accumulation?
Hydrocephalus
72
What is the protective mechanism that maintains the brain's stable chemical environment?
Blood brain barrier
73
What are the three layers of protection in the blood brain barrier?
* Capillary membrane with tight junctions
* Thick basement membrane
* Bulbous feet of astrocytes
74
True or False: The blood brain barrier allows all substances to pass freely into the brain.
False
75
What are the three main components of the ventricular system?
* Lateral ventricles
* Third ventricle
* Fourth ventricle
76
What connects the two lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum
77
What is the approximate volume of cerebrospinal fluid replaced every 8 hours?
150 mls
78
What is the role of the choroid plexus in the production of CSF?
Filters blood to regulate the composition of CSF and removes waste
79
What happens to the cranial bones in infants with hydrocephalus?
Expansion prior to ossification of the fontanelles
80
What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
Crucial roles in autonomic reflexes involved in homeostasis
81
What divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes?
The central sulcus
82
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
In the precentral gyrus, anterior to the central sulcus
83
What is housed in the postcentral gyrus?
The somatosensory cortex
84
What outlines the temporal lobe?
The lateral sulcus
85
How many lobes are the cerebral hemispheres divided into?
Five lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
86
What does the cerebral cortex consist of?
Grey matter
87
What functions does the cerebral cortex enable?
* Initiating movement
* Becoming aware of sensations
* Communicating
* Remembering
* Understanding information
88
What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
* Motor areas
* Sensory areas
* Association areas
89
What is the role of the primary motor cortex?
To consciously control voluntary movements
90
What does the premotor cortex help with?
Planning movements and sequencing basic motor movements into complex tasks
91
What is the most complicated cortical region?
The prefrontal cortex
92
What functions are associated with the prefrontal cortex?
* Task management
* Cognition and intellect
* Complex learning
* Recall
* Personality
93
Where is Broca’s area located?
Inferior to the frontal eye field in the frontal lobe
94
What is Broca’s aphasia?
A deficit in the ability to produce speech due to damage in Broca’s area
95
What is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Conscious awareness of sensation
96
What is astereognosis?
The inability to recognize objects by touch due to damage in the somatosensory association cortex
97
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
In the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
98
What does the auditory association area do?
Integrates sounds and adds meaning to the type of sound heard
99
Where is the olfactory cortex located?
In the uncus, deep on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe
100
What does the gustatory cortex perceive?
The special sensation of taste
101
What are multimodal association areas?
Regions that receive input from multiple senses and send outputs to multiple areas
102
Into how many regions can multimodal association areas be divided?
Three regions: anterior, posterior, and limbic
103
Fill in the blank: The primary auditory cortex is located near the ear in the _______.
Superior margin of the temporal lobe
104
True or False: The precentral gyrus is responsible for sensory perception.
False
105
What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex?
To integrate sensory information and help understand objects being felt
106
What happens if the frontal eye field is damaged?
The patient's eyes will deviate toward the side with the injured frontal lobe
anatomy
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