nervous system

Question 1

what are the functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

• communication
• regulating internal events
• organising behaviour (external)
• information storage (memory)
• sensations, perceptions, emotions

Question 2

what are the cells involved with the nervous system?

Answer 2

neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 3

what are the functions of glia cells?

Answer 3

• more numerous that neurons
• supportive, nutritive role
• myelin formation (Schwann cells PNS- cover one axon, Oligodendrocytes CNS- project membrane and cover axon with layer of myelin)

Question 4

name different types of glia cells

Answer 4

• astrocytes
• microglia
• ependymal cells
• oligodendrocytes
• Schwann cells

Question 5

what is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 5

nutrient supply to neurons in the CNS

Question 6

what is the function of microglia?

Answer 6

defence- phagocytic

Question 7

what is the function of ependymal cells?

Answer 7

involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 8

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 8

support neurons and myelin formation in the CNS

Question 9

what is the function of Schwann cells?

Answer 9

support neurons and myelin formation in the PNS

Question 10

describe neurons

Answer 10

• excitable cells
• generate and transmit signals
• synaptic processors: memory etc.
• many different types, structure relates to function

Question 11

what nerves does the central nervous system include?

Answer 11

the brain and spinal cord

Question 12

what nerves does the peripheral nervous system include?

Answer 12

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 13

what two sub systems can the nervous system be divided into?

Answer 13

sensory and motor systems

Question 14

what direction do afferents go?

Answer 14

towards the CNS

Question 15

what direction do efferents go?

Answer 15

away from the CNS

Question 16

what is the difference between somatic and visceral?

Answer 16

we have conscience of somatic and no conscience of visceral- somatic pain is in the muscles, bones, or soft tissues whereas visceral pain comes from your internal organs and blood vessels

Question 17

where are spinal nerves found?

Answer 17

emerging along the length of the spinal cord

Question 18

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 18

31

Question 19

what is the breakdown of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 19

• 8 cervical nerves
• 12 thoracic nerves
• 5 lumbar nerves
• 5 sacral nerves
• 1 coccygeal nerve

Question 20

what does each spinal nerve contain?

Answer 20

many sensory and motor axons

Question 21

what structure do axons supply to- sensory neurons?

Answer 21

regions on body surface called dermatomes

Question 22

whats structure do axons supply to- motor axons?

Answer 22

blocks of muscle called myotomes

Question 23

what is the name of the left and right anterior roots in a spinal nerve?

Answer 23

the ventral roots

Question 24

what is the name of the left and right posterior roots in a spinal nerve?

Answer 24

dorsal roots

Question 25

what are nerve plexuses?

Answer 25

sections of peripheral nerves which supply particular regions of the body

Question 26

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 26

12 pairs

Question 27

what do cranial nerves do?

Answer 27

- they are connected to the brain - they provide sensory and motor nerve supply to head and neck structures

Question 28

name the cranial nerves and their function

Answer 28

I Olfactory nerve- smell II Optic nerve- vision III Oculomotor- focus/move eyes and dilate pupils IV Trochlear- move eyes up down back and forth V Trigeminal- face and cheek sensation, (taste) and jaw movement VI Abducens- move eyes VII Facial- facial expression and taste VIII Auditory/vestibular- hearing and balance IX Glossopharyngeal- taste and swallow X Vagus- digestion and heart rate (taste) XI Accessory- shoulder and neck muscle movement XII Hypoglossal- move tongue

Question 29

where do peripheral nerves carry information?

Answer 29

to and from the CNS

Question 30

what are afferent signals related to?

Answer 30

sensation

Question 31

what are efferent signals related to?

Answer 31

motion

Question 32

which nerve controls voluntary muscle?

Answer 32

somatic efferents

Question 33

which nerve controls autonomic nervous system?

Answer 33

visceral efferents

Question 34

in relation to the nerve, where should local anaesthetic be injected?

Answer 34

NEAR the nerve

Question 35

what are primary sensory neurons?

Answer 35

Primary afferents are sensory neurons (axons or nerve fibers) in the peripheral nervous system that transduce information about mechanical, thermal, and chemical states of the body and transmit it to sites in the central nervous system.

Question 36

what are characteristics of a myelinated axon?

Answer 36

larger diameter and more speed