Nervous System

Question 1

Frontal lobe

Answer 1

• responsible for conscious thought (attention)
• initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement via motor cortex
• contains olfactory bulb for smell
• broca’s area for speech formation
• prefrontal cortex for decision making and planning

Question 2

Temporal lobe

Answer 2

• processes and interprets sounds
• wernickes area: understanding speech
• hippocampus: memory formation
• auditory cortex: processes auditory information

Question 3

Occipital lobe

Answer 3

• processes and interprets visual input
• responsible for object recognition
• responds to visual stimuli
• contains the visual association cortex: processes vision

Question 4

Parietal lobe

Answer 4

• contains the sensory areas:
• somatosensation: temperature, touch, pressure, and pain
• proprioception: orientation of body parts in space
• somatosensory cortex: recieves and processes sensory information from entire body

Question 5

Midbrain

Answer 5

Relay center for visual and auditory impulses and motor control

Question 6

Pons

Answer 6

Relays messages between the forebrain (cortex), cerebellum, and medulla

Question 7

Medulla oblongata

Answer 7

• regulates heart, breathing rate, blood pressure and gastointestinal activity
• Toxin sensing
• Connects the cerebrum/cerebellum to the spinal cord

Question 8

Function of ependymal cells

Answer 8

Line the ventricles of the brain, circulating cerebrospinal fluid through sweeping motions of their ciliary projections (parts of the CNS)

Question 9

What is another term for motor neurons?

Answer 9

Efferent neurons

Question 10

Where do efferent (motor) neurons emerge from?

Answer 10

The ventral root of the spinal nerves

Question 11

What is another term for afferent neurons?

Answer 11

Sensory neurons

Question 12

Where do afferent (sensory) neurons emerge from?

Answer 12

The dorsal root of the spinal nerves

Question 13

The telencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 13

The cerebrum

Question 14

The diencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 14

The thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland

Question 15

The mesencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 15

The midbrain

Question 16

The metencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 16

Pons and cerebellum

Question 17

The myelencephalon gives rise to:

Answer 17

Medulla oblongata

Question 18

The forebrain develops into:

Answer 18

Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 19

The midbrain gives rise to:

Answer 19

Mesenchephalon

Question 20

The hindbrain gives rise to:

Answer 20

The metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 21

What is the absolute refractory period due to?

Answer 21

• Inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels
• sodium ions cannot enter the neuron to produce another action potential
• another action potential cannot be fired no matter how powerful the stimulus
• sets upper limit to action potential frequency

Question 22

Absolute refractory period:

Answer 22

Refers to a period of time after the initiation of the action potential during which another action potential cannot be generated, no matter how strong a stimulus is

Sodium channels open - sodium channels close and are inactivated (no other action potential can be generated when channels are inactivated) - potassium channels open

Question 23

Relative refractory period:

Answer 23

Refers to the period after the action potential fires during which a stronger than normal stimulus could cause another action potential to be fired - this is the period that happens during hyperpolarization

Sodium channels reset to original state - potassium channels begin to close

Question 24

path of vision:

Answer 24

cornea –> pupil –> lens –> retina

Question 25

sclera

Answer 25

* connective tissue that surrounds the eye for protection * avascular * (white outer layer of the eye)

Question 26

choroid

Answer 26

* layer just below the sclera * vascular connective tissue layer between the sclera and the retina * provides blood and nutrients to the retina

Question 27

what is the function of rhodopsin?

Answer 27

a pigment that is in the rods of the retina which, when struck by photons of light, it causes hyperpolarization of rod cells --> bipolar and ganglion cells in the retina will also become active and the neural action potential is sent to the brain

Question 28

photoreceptor cells synapse with ________ cells, which receive input from rods and cones to transmit the signal to the ________ cells

Answer 28

bipolar ganglion

Question 29

the sympathetic nervous system has a ____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron

Answer 29

short long

Question 30

the parasympathetic nervous system has a ____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron

Answer 30

long, short

Question 31

what does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system release?

Answer 31

acetocholine

Question 32

what does the postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system release?

Answer 32

epinephrine/norepinephrine

Question 33

what does the preganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

Answer 33

acetylcholine

Question 34

what does the postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system release?

Answer 34

acetylcholine (and sometimes nitric oxide

Question 35

myopia

Answer 35

nearsightedness

Question 36

hyperopia

Answer 36

farsightedness

Question 37

astigmatism

Answer 37

irregularaly shaped cornea

Question 38

cataracts

Answer 38

lens becomes opaque and light cannot enter

Question 39

somatic nervous system:

Answer 39

* innervates skeletal muscle * can be voluntary or involuntary * uses Ach at neuromuscular junction

Question 40

autnomic nervous sytem:

Answer 40

* responsible for involuntary movement * innervates cardiac and smooth muscle * divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic braches

Question 41

axon hillock

Answer 41

* where the soma connects to the axon * action potentials are generated here

Question 42

dendrites

Answer 42

* recieve information and transfer it to the cell body

Question 43

axon

Answer 43

* transfers impulses away from the cell body

Question 44

what are neurons highly dependent on for chemical energy?

Answer 44

glucose --> use facilitated transport to move glucose from the blood and into the cell but is not dependent on insulin for transport

Question 45

glial cells

Answer 45

* nervous tissue support cells that are capable of cell division

Question 46

microglia

Answer 46

* phagocytes of the CNS

Question 47

ependymal cells

Answer 47

* use cilia to circulate cerebralsprinal fluid

Question 48

satellite cells

Answer 48

* groups of cell bodies in the PNS * serve to support cells

Question 49

astrocytes

Answer 49

* provide physical support to neurons of the CNS * maintain the mineral and nutrient balance

Question 50

hindbrain

Answer 50

* posterior part of brain * contains the: cerebellum, pons, medulla, and brainstem

Question 51

cerebellum

Answer 51

* maintains balance * hand-eye coordination * timing of rapid movement * motor skills

Question 52

brainstem

Answer 52

* consists of the midbrain, medulla, and pons * connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord * part of reticular formation: network of neurons within the brainstem that regulate sleep and arousal

Question 53

dorsal horn

Answer 53

sensory info enters here

Question 54

ventral horn

Answer 54

motor info exits here