A&P Animals > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

part of a neuron with sensory functions that receives signals/stimulus from other neurons/cells in the form of neurotransmitters

A

dendrites

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2
Q

processes signals & preps for sending electrical activity

A

cell body

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3
Q

area necessary for conducting nerve impulses & sending information from the cell body

A

axon

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4
Q

large bundled up group of axons

A

nerve fibers (nerves)

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5
Q

part of the neuron that releases neurotransmitters to the next cell

A

axon terminal

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6
Q

part of neuron with specialized glial cells wrapped around the axons & works with nodes of R to enhance the speed of conduction

A

Schwann cells-PNS/oligodendrocytes-CNS

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7
Q

spaces between myelin on an axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier (R)

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8
Q

fatty substance from the cell membrane of Schwann/oligodendrocytes that insulates the axon for appropriate electrical signaling

A

myelin (sheath)

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9
Q

what special types of neuron cells exist?

A

SENSORY
RELAY
MOTOR

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10
Q

loss of coordination including, wobbling, difficulty with stairs, squatting, & loss of bladder/bowel control

A

ataxia

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11
Q

cells of the cranial capillary walls tightly aligned with the separation of capillaries from the nervous tissue

A

blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

what can go into the blood stream?

A

microbes, toxins, medications

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13
Q

when the immune system damages the myelin sheath of axons, causing disruption in signal transmission

A

multiple sclerosis/…..
granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)-in dogs

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14
Q

chemical signal between neurons to target cells

A

neurotransmitters

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15
Q

category of neurotransmitters that decrease CNS activity

A

inhibitory

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16
Q

category of neurotransmitters that increase CNS activity

A

excitatory

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17
Q

what are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA, Glycine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine

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18
Q

what structures are contained in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

groups of myelinated axons in the brain

A

white matter

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20
Q

groups of cell bodies in the brain

A

grey matter

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21
Q

fibers that connect the hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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22
Q

groove in the brain

A

sulcus

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23
Q

increased pressure inside the eyeball

A

glaucoma

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24
Q

causes the lens of the eye to become cloudy which can also lead to blindness

A

cataracts

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25
bump or fold in the brain
gyrus
26
anatomy of the eye
-cornea -pupil & iris -lens & ciliary body -anterior & posterior segments -lacrimal glands -conjunctiva -sclera & choroid -retina & optic nerve
27
photoreceptor neurons that are able to discern light & color
rods & cones
28
sensitive to light but not color
rods
29
sensitive to color & detail, doesn't function well in low light (color vision)
cones
30
outside infection of the ear (dogs)
otitis externa
31
anatomy of ears
*outer ear: -pinna -canals: vertical & horizontal -tympanic membrane: eardrum *middle ear: -tympanic bulla -ossicles: malleus incus, stapes -cochlea & semicircular canals -eustachian/auditory tube
32
large bubble of blood in the ear caused by bursted blood vessels
ear hematomas
33
sections of the cortex
lobes: -temporal -parietal -frontal -occipital
34
largest component of the brain with voluntary skeletal muscles and wrinkles; interprets sensory information through learning, reading, and intelligence.
cerebrum
35
large divide separating the left & right hemispheres of the brain
longitudinal fissure
36
three types of wrinkles in the brain
1. sulci (sulcus) 2. gyri (gyrus) 3. longitudinal fissure (1)
37
second largest component of the brain that controls coordination, balance, posture, & complex reflexes
cerebellum
38
connection structures between the cerebrum and brainstem
DIENCEPHALON: -thalamus -hypothalamus -pituitary gland
39
part of the brain that controls basic physical functions
BRAINSTEM: -medulla oblongata -pons -midbrain
40
what functions does the brainstem control?
-respiration -cardiovascular -swallowing -vomiting -cranial nerves' origins
41
fluid, fat, and connective tissue layers around the CNS
meninges
42
what are the three meninges layers around the brain?
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid 3. pia mater
43
first layer of meninges around the brain: dense fibrous tissue
dura mater
44
deepest layer of meninges directly on the brain/spinal cord
pia mater
45
middle layer of meninges: web-like delicate tissue structure
arachnoid
46
what are the functions of MENINGES?
-cushioning and nutrient transport -highly vascular area
47
inflammation of the meninges layers due to a bacterial or viral infection
meningitis
48
where is cerebrospinal fluid located?
between the layers of meninges, within ventricles of the brain, & around the brain and spinal cord
49
what is the fluid that covers the CNS?
cerebrospinal fluid
50
what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
-protects & cushions the spine from boney surfaces
51
what health concerns can cerebrospinal fluid indicate?
inflammation or infection
52
what are the general senses of the NS?
-visceral -touch & pressure -temperature -intense stimulation -proprioception
53
general sense of the NS that allows for hunger, thirst, & hollow organ fullness
visceral
54
general sense of the NS that allows for different body positions and movement
proprioception
55
what are the special senses of the nervous system?
-equilibrium -taste -smell -hearing -vision
56
special sense of the nervous system that controls balance & head position
equilibrium
57
what colors can dogs see?
blue & yellow
58
what colors are hard for dogs to distinguish?
red & green
59
what colors can cats see?
blue & greenish-yellow
60
what colors are hard for cats to distinguish?
red & pink
61
what makes up the structure of a neuron?
-axon -terminal -dendrites -nodes of Ranvier (R) -myelin -neurotransmitter
62
carries information TO the cell body (CNS)
afferent process
63
carries information FROM the cell body (CNS)
efferent process
64
what makes up the structure of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
PNS: -automatic NS -somatic NS -sympathetic NS -parasympathetic NS
65
non-conducting assistant nervous system cell
glial cells
66
why do dogs and cats see better in low light?
because they have a large cornea and tapetum lucidum
67
ability to see light measured in cycle per degree
visual acuity
68
human visual acuity
30 cycles/degree
69
horses visual acuity
18 cycles/degree
70
dogs visual acuity
12 cycles/degree
71
cats visual acuity
6 cycles/degree
72
(7) superficial nerve lateral on both sides of the face
facial nerve (7)
73
what are the functions of the facial nerve?
controls facial muscles & relay sensations from the tastebuds
74
(10) nerve that travels from the brainstem to the colon
vagus nerve (10)
75
what are the functions of the vagus nerve?
SUPPLIES MOTOR IMPULSES TO the pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, esophagus, & digestive tract BRINGS SENSORY IMPULSES FROM the ear, tongue, pharynx, & larynx to the brain
76
CRANIAL NERVE X
vagus nerve
77
cranial sensory nerve necessary for smell (I)
olfactory nerve (I)
78
cranial sensory nerve essential for vision (II)
optic nerve (II)
79
master endocrine gland
pituitary gland
80
nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
81
area of which the brain stem connects to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
82
cluster of neuronal bodies and dendrites that increase efficiency of multiple signal transmitters
ganglia
83
passageway between the the brainstem and cerebrum that coordinates the endocrine system
diencephalon
84
area that links the medulla oblongata with the thalamus
pons
85
lobe of the brain responsible for determining similarities/differences among objects or events
frontal lobe
86
lobe of the brain responsible for sensory inputs from skin & spatial relationships
parietal lobe
87
lobe of the brain responsible for language & visual memories
temporal lobe
88
visual processing center of the brain
occipital lobe
89
area in the brain between the pons & cerebrum
midbrain
90
when optic nerves come together
optic chiasm
91
group of nerves in the axillary region formed from branches of the sixth cervical to the second thoracic nerve roots
brachial plexus
92
largest nerve in the brachial plexus that supplies motor impulses to the muscles
radial nerve
93
most caudal of the three brachial plexus nerves that carries impulses to the brain via footpads
median nerve
94
nerve of the brachial plexus that carries sensory information from the skin on the caudal forearm
ulnar nerve
95
motor and sensory nerves that function "subconsciously" & are sympathetic & parasympathetic systems
autonomic (involuntary) nerves
96
motor & sensory nerves with conscious skeletal muscle control & sensory functions from receptors in muscles like eyes, ears, skin, ect
somatic (voluntary) nerves
97
examples of autonomic functions
involuntary unconscious movements: breathing heartbeat digestion
98
example of somatic functions
voluntary & conscious movements: limb movement
99
"fight or flight" response
sympathetic
100
"rest & digest" response
parasympathetic
101
autonomic sensory/motor nerves?
respiratory heart rate HR blood pressure BP gastrointestinal smooth & cardiac muscle functions
102
soma
cell body
103
nerve on the medial surface of the thigh; supplies motor functions to the muscles of the thigh
femoral nerve
104
what is a common way of significant damage being caused to the femoral nerve?
traction during birth
105
area with nervous tissue of the eye
retina
106
nerve on the lateral thigh beneath the biceps femoris muscle; carries motor impulses to the flexor muscles of the stifle joint
sciatic nerve
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