Nervous System

Question 1

General Function of the Nervous System

Answer 1

• Sensory Input
• Integration Function
• Motor Function

Question 2

Sensory Input

Answer 2

Input from peripheral receptors (some conscious, some subconscious)

Question 3

Integration Function

Answer 3

Taking all sensory input and integrating with memory, learning, and grading of response

Question 4

Motor Function

Answer 4

Similar to #2, but many motor movements are also involuntary (subconscious– i.e. mutliple cerebellar tracts)

Question 5

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 5

The peripheral nervous system includes all of the parts of the nervous system that are not encased in the vertebral column or the skull

Question 6

What makes up the spinal region?

Answer 6

The spinal region includes all parts of the nervous system encased in the vertebral column

Question 7

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 7

The brain stem connects the spinal cord with the cerebral region. It also includes the cranial nerves

Question 8

What makes up the cerebrum?

Answer 8

The diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres

Question 9

What is the most massive part of the brain?

Answer 9

The most massive part of the brain is the cerebrum

Question 10

Divisions of the Nervous System

Answer 10

• Central Nervous System
  - Brain
  - Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
  - Sensory (afferent)
  - Motor (efferent)
  - Somatic
  - Autonomic
  - Sympathetic
  - Parasympathetic

Question 11

Nerve roots of the PNS

Answer 11

• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  - 8 Cervical
  - 12 Thoracic
  - 5 Lumbar
  - 5 Sacral
  - 1 Coccygeal

Question 12

Cranial Nerves

Answer 12

see other deck by the same name

Question 13

Which type of brain matter is inside/outside?

Answer 13

Spinal Cord
- Gray matter is inside
- White matter is outside
Brain
- White  matter is inside
- Gray matter is outside

Question 14

Spinal Nerves

Answer 14

• Formed by the union of both dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots/ramii
• Spinal Nerve roots are mixed (motor and sensory)
• Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) on dorsal root where cell bodies of sensory neurons are located
• Communicantes conduct signals between the spinal cord and the sympathetic ganglia

Question 15

Cervical Spinal Nerves

Answer 15

• First pair leaves between the occipital bone and the atlas (C1)– called the suboccipital nerve
• C2-C7 emerge above the vertebrae for which it is named.
• C8 emerges between C7 and T1
• All others emerge below the vertebrae for which they are named

Question 16

Plexus Makeup

Answer 16

Cervical plexus
- C1 to C4
Brachial plexus
- C5 to T1
Lumbar plexus
- T12 to L4
Sacral plexus
- L4 to S2

Question 17

Cervical Plexus

Answer 17

• Formed from the ventral rami of the 1st 4 cervical nerves
• Supplies muscles and skin of the neck and upper shoulder
• Partial innervation of the diaphragm (C3-C5)

Question 18

Brachial Plexus

Answer 18

• Formed from the ventral rami of the last 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the 1st thoracic (T1).
• Can be divided into various roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and nerves

Question 19

Lumbar Plexus

Answer 19

• Formed from the ventral rami of the first 4 lumbar and some fibers of the last thoracic nerve
• Supplies the lower abdomen and the anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity

Question 20

Saphenous Nerve

Answer 20

• Largest and longest femoral cutaneous branch.
• Passes deep to the sartorius with femoral artery, in adductor canal
• Accompanies the saphenous vein once it pierces the fascia between the sartorius and gracilis.
• Leaves the adductor canal above the knee (infrapatellar branch) and then continues down the medial lower leg.

Question 21

Results of Nerve Damage

Answer 21

• Ulnar Nerve –> Claw hand (ulnar nerve entrapment)
• Radial Nerve –> Wrist drop
• Median Nerve –> Ape hand

Question 22

Tomes

Answer 22

• Dermatome
• Myotome
• Scleratome

Question 23

Dermatome

Answer 23

Sensory (cutaneous) innervation to skin

Question 24

Myotome

Answer 24

Innervation to muscles

Question 25

Scleratome

Answer 25

Innervation to connective tissue and bone

Question 26

Cutaneous Innervation????

Answer 26

2 different references: Dermatomes (segmental innervation) - Representative of a generalized tract that represents a single nerve root Nerves (helps with sensation over a specific area) - Are made up of multiple nerve roots and usually innervate a certain area on the body

Question 27

Key Dermatone Landmarks (Cervical)

Answer 27

- C2: posterior half of the skull cap - C3: area correlating to a high turtle neck shirt - C4: area correlating to a low-collar shirt - C6: (radial nerve) 1st digit (thumb) - C7: (median nerve) 2nd and 3rd digit - C8: (ulnar nerve) 4th and 5th digit, also the funny bone

Question 28

Key Dermatome Landmarks (Thoracic)

Answer 28

- T4: nipples - T5: Inframammary fold - T6: xiphoid process - T10: umbilicus (important for early appendicitis pain) - T12: pubic bone area

Question 29

Key Dermatome Landmarks (Lumbosacral)

Answer 29

- L1: inguinal ligament - L2: On the anterior medial thigh - L3: At the medial epicondyle of the femur. - L4: Over the medial malleolus, includes the knee caps - S2/S3: genitalia

Question 30

Myotome Levels

Answer 30

- C5: Elbow flexion - C6: Wrist extension - C7: Elbow extension - C8: Flexion- tip of middle finger - T1: Finger abduction - L2: Hip flexion - L3: Knee extension - L4: Ankle dorsiflexion - L5: Big toe extension - S1: Ankle plantar flexion

Question 31

Sympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 31

- Thoracolumbar division - Lateral horns of gray matter of spinal cord from T1-L2 - Prepares for strenuous physical exertion (fight and flight)

Question 32

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 32

- Craniosacral division - Located in nuclei of cranial nerves - III– occulomotor - VII– facial - IX– glossopharyngeal - X– vagus - And in the gray matter of the lateral horns of the 2nd through 4th sacral - Vagus nerve carries 75% of parasympathetic fibers

Question 33

Effects of Increased Sympathetic Activity on Heart and Blood Pressure

Answer 33

- Increased activity of sympathetic cardiac nerves - Decreased activity of vagus (parasympathetic nerves) - Increased heart rate and contractility - Higher cardiac output - Increased blood pressure

Question 34

Effect of Increased Parasympathetic and Decreased Sympathetic Activity on Heart and Blood Pressure

Answer 34

- Increased activity of vagus (parasympathetic) nerve - Decreased activity of sympathetic cardiac nerves - Reduction of heart rate - Lower cardiac output - Lower blood pressure