IMS > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of cell in the nervous system

A
  1. Glial cells

2. Neurones

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2
Q

What type of macrophage do you have in the NS?

A

Microglia

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3
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neurone?

A

Cell body is attached the axon

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4
Q

Which neurones carry out their function within the brain?

A

Interneurones

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5
Q

Which glial cell in the CNS forms myelin around the axon?

A

Oligodendrocyytes

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6
Q

Which glial cells in the PNS form myelin around the axon?

A

Schwaan cells

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7
Q

What is the CNS made up from?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the PNS made up from?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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9
Q

What makes up the somatic NS?

A

sensory and motor neurones

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10
Q

Which PNS is voluntary

A

Somatic

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11
Q

Which fluid protects both the spinal cord and brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

What bones protect;

i) Brain
ii) Spinal cord

A

i) Skull

ii) vertebral column

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13
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Outer layer of brain

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14
Q

3 types of meninges; in order from inner membrane to outer.

A
  1. Pia mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Dura mater
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15
Q

Which space in the meninges contains fat?

A

Epidural space

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16
Q

which meninges layer is elastic?

A

Arachnoid mater

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17
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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19
Q

2 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Protect

2. Provide nutrients

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20
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

Chloroid plexus of brain

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21
Q

How many ventricles in the brain?

A

4

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22
Q

Name the 4 ventricles of the brain

A
  1. 2 x lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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23
Q

blood flow to the brain:

A
  1. heart; internal carotid and vertebral artery
  2. brain - dural sinuses
  3. back to heart - internal jugular vein
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24
Q

blood flow to the spinal cord

A

posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries

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25
blood flow from the spinal cord to heart
posterior intercostal and lumbar veins
26
Function of blood brain barrier
Prevent toxic substances from entering the brain
27
Function of astrocytes in the brain
allow tight junctions to be formed between cells
28
What drugs can pass the BBB?
Lipophillic drugs
29
2 types of matter in the NS
White and grey
30
What is the white matter?
Myelinated neuronal axons
31
What is contained within the grey matter?
Unmyelinated neuronal axons and glial cells
32
Which matter does synaptic transmission and neural integration occur?
Grey matter
33
4 regions of the spinal cord
1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lunmbar 4. Sacral
34
2 regions of the grey matter
1. Doral horn | 2. Ventral horn
35
Which neurone originates in the ventral horn?
Efferent
36
Which neurone travels to the dorsal horn?
Afferent
37
2 hemispheres of the brain
1. Cerebrum | 2. Diencephalon
38
What is contained within the cerebrum?
1. Deep nuclei | 2. Cerebral cortex
39
What is contained within the diencephalon?
1. Thalamus | 2. Hypothalamus
40
4 areas of the brainstem
1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblongata 4. Reticular formation
41
What functions does the medulla oblongata conduct?
autonomic; - breathing - heart digestion - digestion
42
Functions of reticular formation
Involuntary; - awareness - attention - wakefulness & sleep - consciousness
43
Function of cerebellum
control and coordination of movement
44
Which 2 places does the cerebellum feeback to?
1. Brainstem | 2. Cerebral cortex
45
Function of thalamus
processes sensory info from the cerebral cortex
46
What 3 things does the hypothalamus regulate?
1. Autonomic 2. Endocrine 3. Visceral functions
47
Which area of the brain are basal ganglia?
Deep nuclei/muscle
48
What connects the 2 hemispheres in the cerebral cortex?
Corpus callosum
49
What allows a great surface area in the cerebral cortex?
Sulcus and gyrus
50
Name 4 lobes of cerebral cortex
1. Temporal 2. Occupital 3. Frontal 4. Parietal
51
What is the only thing which is stimulated by both parasympathatic and sympathetic systems?
Salivary gland secretion
52
Where do fibres emerge from in the parasympathetic?
1. Brain | 2. Sacral spine regions
53
Where do fibres emerge from in the sympathetic?
1. Thoracic 2. Lumbar T1 -L2
54
What does the sympathetic nervous system supply?
- visceral organs - sweat glands - arrector pilli - arteries - veins
55
Which system has a long pre-ganglionic neurone and a short post-ganglionic neurone?
Parasympatheic
56
Where is adrenaline released from?
Adrenal medulla
57
What is SLUDD?
``` Functions of parasympathetic NS Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion Defacation ```
58
Which organs only recieve sympathetic innervation ? (3)
1. Blood vessels 2. sweat glands 3. pili erector muscles
59
Define cholinergic
releases ACh
60
Define adrenergic
releases adrenaline/noradrenaline
61
What do sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones always secrete and from which receptor?
ACh from nicotinic
62
Which post-ganglionic neurone secretes Noradrenaline in the sympathethic system?
Blood vessels
63
Which sympathetic system only has one neurone secreting ACh?
Adrenal medulla
64
The parasympathetic NS always secretes ACh, which neurone has a nicotinic receptor and which has a muscarinic receptor?
Pre-ganglionic = nic | post - ganglionic = mus
65
What do a1 adrenic receptors act on?
- blood vessels - sweat glands - salivary glands
66
what is the effect of a1 receptors?
1. Vasoconstriction 2. dilation of pupil 3. constriction
67
Effect of K+ secretion on a1 receptors?
Increased
68
Which adrenic receptors are involved in synpatic nerve transmission?
a2
69
which adrenic receptors causes inhibition of epinephrine secretion?
a2
70
which adrenic receptor is associated with the posterior pituitary?
b1
71
which adrenic receptor causes increased ADH secretion?
b1
72
Where are b3 receptors?
Brown adipose tissue
73
what effects do b3 receptors cause?
Lipolysis and thermogenesis
74
Which muscarinic receptor is associated with a lower heart rate?
M2
75
which receptors affect the CNS; - memory - arousal - attention - analgesia
m1, m4, m5
76
which cholingeric receptors affect glands and smooth muscle
M3 - muscarinic
77
area on the cell body where axon attaches
axon hillock
78
Terminal branches of axon
Telodendria
79
2 types of synapses
1, Electrical | 2. Chemical
80
usual location of electrical synapse
smooth muscle and cardiac cells
81
What class of NT are adrenaline, histamine, dopamine etc?
Monoamines
82
Purine NT
ATP and adenosine
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