BIO 201 LAB > Nervous System SEC 4.5 > Flashcards

Nervous System SEC 4.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does sensation refer to?

A

Detection of changes in internal and external environments

Sensory signals may be processed consciously or subconsciously.

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2
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex in sensation?

A

Integrates and interprets sensory information, resulting in perception

Examples include taste and light levels.

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3
Q

List the special senses focused on in this unit.

A
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
  • Taste
  • Olfaction

These are distinct from general senses like touch and pain.

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4
Q

What are chemosenses?

A

Olfaction (smell) and taste, which depend on chemoreceptors

They detect chemical substances in the environment.

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5
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors for smell located?

A

In the olfactory epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity

Contains approximately 10 to 20 million bipolar neurons.

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6
Q

What forms the CN I Olfactory Nerve?

A

Axons of olfactory receptor cells

These pass through the cribriform plate to synapse in the olfactory bulb.

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7
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A
  • Filiform papillae
  • Fungiform papillae
  • Circumvallate papillae
  • Foliate papillae

Only filiform papillae do not contain taste buds.

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8
Q

What are the five primary taste sensations?

A
  • Salty
  • Sweet
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Umami

Umami is associated with amino acids like glutamate.

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9
Q

What are the three main regions of the ear?

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear

Each region has specific anatomical features and functions.

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10
Q

What is the function of the bony labyrinth?

A

Protective housing carved in temporal bone filled with perilymph

It provides structural support and transmits mechanical energy.

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11
Q

What is the function of the membranous labyrinth?

A

suspended within bony labyrinth, containing functional sensory organs filled with endolymph

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12
Q

What is the tympanic membrane also known as?

A

Eardrum

It vibrates in response to sound waves.

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13
Q

Outer Ear

What is the auricle (pinna)?

A
  • shell-shaped structure composed primarily of elastic cartilage.
  • collects sound waves and channels them into the auditory canal.
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14
Q

Outer Ear

What is the tragus?

A
  • Small flap of cartilage located just anterior to the canal.
  • Helps protect the entrance and direct sound.
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15
Q

Outer Ear

What is the lobule (earlobe)?

A
  • Soft, fleshy lower portion of the auricle.
  • May help detect low-frequency vibrations.
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16
Q

What is the External Acoustic Meatus (Auditory Canal)?

A

A 2.5 cm tunnel through the temporal bone that conducts sound waves toward the tympanic membrane.

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17
Q

Outer Ear

What is Cerumen?

A
  • Ear wax produced by sebaceous and ceruminous glands in the canal.
  • It traps dust and microbes, lubricates the canal, and prevents dehydration.
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18
Q

Outer Ear

What does overproduction/underproduction of Cerumen influences?

A

Overproduction: Stress, frequent earbud use, excessive cleaning, or genetics.
Underproduction: Age, certain skin conditions, or medications.

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19
Q

middle ear

where does the middle ear begin and end?

A
  • Begins at the tympanic membrane
  • Ends at the oval window
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20
Q

middle ear

What is the Tympanic Membrane?

A
  • Eardrum
  • Thin, semi-transparent membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves.
  • Border between outer and middle ear.
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21
Q

Middle Ear

What are discoloration clues?

A
  • Red: Infection
  • Yellow/Amber: Fluid buildup
  • Blue/Purple: Bleeding or trauma
  • White patches: Scarring or calcification
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22
Q

Middle Ear

What are the auditory ossicles?

A
  • Malleus (Hammer): Connected to tympanic membrane.
  • Incus (Anvil): Middle bone connecting malleus and stapes.
  • Stapes (Stirrup): Presses against the oval window to transmit vibrations.
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23
Q

Middle Ear

What does the oval window mark?

A

The entrance to the inner ear

It is where the stapes transmits vibrations.

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24
Q

Middle Ear

What is the Pharyngotympanic Tube (Auditory Tube/Eustachian Tube)?

A
  • Connects middle ear to pharynx.
  • Equalizes pressure with external environment.
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25
What is the **function of the cochlea**?
Detects sound and sends signals to the brain via the cochlear nerve ## Footnote Contains the spiral organ (Organ of Corti) where hair cells are activated.
26
What is **vertigo**?
Dizziness or sensation of spinning ## Footnote Results from conflicting signals from vestibular structures.
27
What are the **external structures** of the eye?
* Lacrimal Apparatus * Extrinsic Eye Muscles * Tarsal Plate and Gland * Palpebrae (Eyelids) * Conjunctiva * Palpebral Muscles | LET-PCP ## Footnote These structures protect the eyeball and help move it.
28
# External Structures of the Eye Describe the **palpebrae** (eyelids)
- **Anteriorly**, the eye is **covered by the palpebrae.** - Eyelids meet at the **medial** and **lateral canthi** (commissures). - Contain **sebaceous** & **mucous** **glands** to **lubricate** **eye** and **eyelid**. - The lacrimal caruncle **secretes** a **small amount of oily substance.**
29
# External Structures of the Eye Describe the **Tarsal Plate** and **Tarsal Glands**
- Each eyelid contains a **stiff tarsal plate** made of **dense connective tissue.** - Associated with tarsal glands, which secrete oil to **prevent eyelids from sticking.**
30
# External Structures of the Eye What is a Stye?
A **painful**, **swollen red bump** caused by a **blocked** or **infected tarsal gland.**
31
# External Structures of the Eye What does **Lacrimal Apparatus** do?
Produces and drains tears.
32
# External Structures of the Eye Describe the **tear flow pathway** of **Lacrimal Apparatus**
1. Lacrimal gland (superolateral orbit) 2. Lacrimal ducts 3. Lacrimal canals (near medial canthus) 4. Lacrimal sac (in the lacrimal bone) 5. Nasolacrimal duct 6. Drains into nasal cavity beneath the inferior nasal concha | GDCSND
33
# External Structures of the Eye What is the **Conjunctiva**?
A **thin mucous membrane**: - **Palpebral conjunctiva** **lines** the **inner eyelid**. - **Bulbar conjunctiva** **covers** the **eyeball surface**.
34
# External Structures of the Eye What is **Conjunctivitis** (pinkeye)?
**inflammation** of palpebral/bulbar conjunctiva membranes due to **infection** or **allergy**.
35
# External Structures of the Eye What are the **Palpebral Muscles** & what do they do?
- **Levator palpebrae superioris**: **Elevates** the **upper eyelid** (opens eye) - **Orbicularis oculi**: **Closes** the **eyelid**
36
# Extrinsic Eye Muscles What **Extrinsic Eye Muscles** are innervated by **CN III**?
- **Medial rectus muscle**: moves the eyeball medially (**adduction**) - **Superior rectus muscle**: moves the eyeball upward (**elevation**) - **Inferior rectus muscle**: moves the eyeball downward (**depression**) - **Inferior oblique muscle**: abducts, elevates, and **externally rotates** the eyeball
37
# Extrinsic Eye Muscles What **Extrinsic Eye Muscles** are innervated by **CN VI**?
**Lateral rectus muscle**: moves the eyeball laterally (**abduction**)
38
# Extrinsic Eye Muscles What **Extrinsic Eye Muscles** are innervated by **CN IV**?
**Superior oblique muscle**: abducts, depresses, and **internally rotates** the eyeball
39
# The Eyeball **Anterior** vs **Posterior Cavity**
- **Anterior Cavity**: In **front** of the lens, filled with **aqueous** humor - **Posterior Cavity**: **Behind** the lens, filled with **vitreous** humor
40
# The Eyeball What is the **Lens**?
A **transparent, flexible** structure that **focuses light onto the retina.**
41
# The Eyeball What is a **cataract**?
Condition where the lens becomes cloudy ## Footnote It interferes with light transmission and may require surgical replacement.
42
# The Eyeball Describe **Aqueous Humor** | Cavities and Fluids
- Continuously produced by the **ciliary** **body** - Drained through the **scleral** **venous** **sinus**.
43
# The Eyeball Describe **Vitreous Humor** | Cavities and Fluids
- Present at **birth** and **remains unchanged** - Helps maintain **eyeball shape** and **refracts light**.
44
# The Eyeball What are the **tunics** of the **eyeball**? (from outermost to innermost)
1. Fibrous Tunic 2. Vascular Tunic 3. Sensory Tunic
45
# The Eyeball What is the **fibrous** **tunic**?
- **Outermost layer** of the eyeball - Composed primarily of **dense irregular collagenous connective tissue.** - **Avascular** - Consists of **two** main parts: 1. **Sclera** 2. **Cornea**
46
# The Eyeball Describe the Sclera | Part of Fibrous Tunic
- **White, tough outer layer** that forms the **posterior 5/6s** of the eye. - Provides **shape, protection**, & serves as an attachment point for the **extrinsic** eye muscles. - Contains the **scleral venous sinus** (aka **canal of Schlemm),** which drains **aqueous humor** from the **anterior cavity**.
47
# The Eyeball Describe the Cornea | Part of Fibrous Tunic
- The **clear, curved structure** at the **anterior** part of the eye. - It is the **main refractive surface** that **bends light toward the retina.** - Cornea is continuous w/ the sclera and makes up the **anterior one sixth** of the fibrous tunic.
48
# The Eyeball What is the **Vascular Tunic**? (Uvea)
- Middle layer of the eye and contains most of the eye's blood vessels. - It provides nourishment, regulates light entry, and controls lens shape. - Consists of 3 key structures: 1. Choroid 2. Ciliary Body 3. Iris
49
# The Eyeball Describe the **Choroid** | part of vascular tunic
- **Posterior** **portion** of vascular tunic. - Contains **numerous blood vessels** that supply the **retina** w/ **oxygen** & **nutrients**. - Rich in **dark pigment (melanin)** that absorbs stray light to **reduce glare** and prevent **visual distortion**.
50
# The Eyeball Describe the **Ciliary** **Body** | part of the vascular tunic
- Located **anterior** to the **choroid**, **encircling** the **lens**. - Contains **ciliary muscle**, adjusts the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects. - Contains **ciliary processes**, **fingerlike projections** that connect to the lens by **suspensory** **ligaments** (**zonular** **fibers**). - The ciliary processes also produce **aqueous humor**, the fluid that fills the **anterior** cavity of the eye.
51
# The Eyeball Describe the **Iris** | part of vascular tunic
- **Most anterior portion** of the vascular tunic, visible as the **colored part** of the eye. - Made of **pigmented smooth muscle** that **controls** the **diameter** of the **pupil**, the central opening that regulates how much light enters the eye. - Contains **two** muscle groups: 1. **Sphincter pupillae muscles** (circular fibers): constrict the pupil in bright light. 2. **Dilator pupillae muscles** (radial fibers): dilate the pupil in dim light.
52
# The Eyeball Where is the **Anterior Segment** of the anterior cavity located? | Cavity Subdivisions Created by the Iris
- Located in **front of the iris**, **between** the **iris** and the **cornea**. - This is where **aqueous humor flows** after **passing through the pupil.**
53
# The Eyeball Where is the **Posterior Segment** of the anterior cavity located? | Cavity Subdivisions Created by the Iris
- Located **behind the iris**, **between** the **iris** and the **lens**. - This is **where aqueous humor is initially** produced by the **ciliary processes** before flowing through the pupil.
54
# The Eyeball What is the **Sensory Tunic**? (Retina and Optic Nerve)
- **Innermost** **layer** of the **eyeball**. - Contains the **light-sensitive photoreceptors** that **convert** **incoming light into electrical signals**, which are then **processed** and **relayed** to the **brain**. ## Footnote The retina consists of several interconnected layers of specialized neurons.
55
# The Eyeball Describe the **Retina**
- **Innermost** **layer** of the eyeball - Lines **posterior** **3 quarters** of eye's **interior** **surface** - responsible for **detecting light** and **initiating visual processing.** ## Footnote Photoreceptors in the retina respond to light by generating electrical signals. These signals are processed and passed through intermediate neurons before being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
56
# Layers and Neurons of the Retina What are **Photoreceptors**?
light-sensitive cells that **begin the process of vision**
57
# Layers and Neurons of the Retina Describe Rods | 1/2 Main Types of Photoreceptor
- Specialized for **low light** (dim vision or scotopic vision). - **Cannot detect color**. - Provide **black** and **white** vision with **low resolution.** - Found mostly in the **peripheral retina.**
58
# Layers and Neurons of the Retina Describe Cones | 2/2 Main Types of Photoreceptor
- Specialized for **bright light** (photopic vision). - **Enable color vision** and **sharp** **central vision.** - Concentrated in the **posterior retina**, particularly in the **macula lutea** and **fovea centralis.**
59
# The Eyeball Describe Ganglion Cells
- Their axons converge to form the **optic nerve (CN II)**. - These axons **exit** the eye at the **optic disc**, which **lacks photoreceptors** and creates a **blind** **spot** in the visual field.
60
# The Eyeball Describe Bipolar Cells
- Serve as the **intermediate neurons** between **photoreceptors** and **ganglion cells.** - **Receive** **input** from **rods** and **cones** and **relay it forward.**
61
# Specialized Regions of the Retina Describe the Macula Lutea
- A **yellow-tinted region** in the **central retina**. - Rich in **cone photoreceptors**, enabling **high-resolution, color vision**. - Essential for **central vision tasks** like **reading** and **facial recognition**.
62
# Specialized Regions of the Retina Describe **Fovea Centralis**
- A **small depression** at the **center** of the **macula lutea**. - Contains **ONLY cones** and **NO rods.** - The point of **greatest visual acuity** in the retina.
63
# Specialized Regions of the Retina Describe **Optic Disc (Blind Spot)**
- The area where the **ganglion cell axons leave** the **eye** to form the **optic nerve**. - **NO photoreceptors are present**, so NO image is formed at this location.
64
# The Eyeball Describe Color Blindness | Associated Clinical Conditions
- Caused by a **deficiency** or **absence** of **cone cells**, especially **red** or **green cones**. - **Most often inherited** and **more common** in **males**. - Results in **difficulty distinguishing specific colors.**
65
# The Eyeball Describe Macular Degeneration | Associated Clinical Conditions
- A **progressive disease** that affects the **macula lutea**, leading to **loss of central vision**. - A **common** cause of vision loss in **older adults**. - Affects activities requiring sharp vision such as **reading, recognizing faces**, and **driving**.
66
What are the **four refractive media** light passes through before reaching the retina?
* Cornea * Aqueous humor * Lens * Vitreous humor ## Footnote The cornea is the most powerful refractive surface.
67
Which two structures are responsible for most of the eye's **focusing power**?
* Cornea * Lens ## Footnote These structures work together to focus light onto the retina.
68
What happens to the **ciliary muscle** and **lens** for near vision?
* Ciliary muscle contracts * Suspensory ligaments loosen * Lens becomes rounder ## Footnote This process allows for better focus on close objects.
69
What occurs to the **ciliary muscle** and **lens** for distant vision?
* Ciliary muscle relaxes * Ligaments tighten * Lens flattens ## Footnote This adjustment helps focus on faraway objects.
70
What is the **Tapetum Lucidum**?
A reflective layer found in the eyes of many animals ## Footnote It enhances night vision by reflecting light back through the retina, causing the glowing 'eye shine'.
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