What are the two types of Nodes?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Intermediate Nodes - perform a forwarding function
End Systems Nodes - send and receive data traffic, also referred to as hosts
Intermediate Nodes perform a forwarding function, while End Systems Nodes send and receive data traffic, also referred to as hosts.
End system nodes are classified as what?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Servers - makes network applications and resources available to other hosts
Client - consumes the services provided by servers
Servers provide services that can be accessed by clients.
Differences of Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Client Server (Business/Enterprise) : some nodes, such as PCs, laptops, and smartphones, act mostly as clients; application services and resources are centrally provisioned, managed, and secured
Peer-to-Peer (Workgroup): each host acts as both client and server, decentralized model where provision, management, & security of services & data are distributed
These devices rely on centrally provisioned, managed, and secured application services and resources.
Network involves Appliances, Applications, Functions?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Appliances (Physical/Virtual): a computer with an operating system & software designed to perform a particular network role, Ex: switches, routers, wireless access points, firewalls, load balancers, proxies
Applications: nodes and links of networking infrastructure are deployed to run services
Functions: Networks can be configured with additional properties to perform different functions
Examples include switches, routers, wireless access points, firewalls, load balancers, and proxies.
What does network types refer to?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
size: measured as the number of nodes
scope: area over which nodes sharing the same network address are distributed
This classification helps in understanding the scale and reach of different networks.
What are Network Types?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
LAN: all nodes and segments are directly connected with cables or short-range wireless technologies
Home/resident: Internet router, computers, mobile devices
SOHO: business-oriented network, centralized server, client devices
SME: Small/medium enterprise network, dozens of users
Enterprise LAN: hundreds or thousands of servers and clients, multiple enterprise-class switches/routers
Datacenter: hosts only servers and storage
WAN: network of networks, connected by long-distance links, main office to branch office connection
A LAN typically serves a single organization.
What is Network Topology?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Network Topology: physical or logical structure of the network in terms of nodes and links
- Point-to-Point: single link is established between two nodes
- Half Duplex: allows for data transmission in both directions
- Full Duplex: simultaneous two-way data transmission
Logical Topology: all devices can communicate with each other as if they were directly connected
Network topology defines how different nodes are interconnected.
What is the Star Topology in networking?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Star Topology: each endpoint node is connected to a central forwarding appliance, such as a switch or router used in LANs
Central node mediates communications between the endpoints, most widely used physical topology
Hub & Spoke: same physical layout as a star topology, commonly applied to wide area networks (WANs)
Used in Local Area Networks (LANs).
What is Mesh Topology?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Mesh Topology: used in WANs, especially public networks such as the Internet, each device has a point to point link with every other device on the network
provide excellent redundancy, because other routes, via intermediary devices, are available between locations if a link failure occurs
ad hoc wireless network
In this topology, each device has a point-to-point link with every other device on the network.
What are the Legacy Topologies?
Mod 1.1 Networking Overview
Objective 1.2 | 1.6
Bus Topology - trunk cable with nodes either inserted directly into the trunk or tapped into the trunk using offshoot cables called drop cables, a terminator is placed on both ends of trunk cable
Ring Topology - connects neighboring nodes until they form a ring or any shape
This topology allows for easy addition of nodes but can be limited by the length of the trunk cable.
What is the OSI model?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI): developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) promote understanding of how components in a network system work
(7) Application
(6) Presentation
(5) Session
(4) Transport
(3) Network
(2) Data Link
(1) Physical
Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to promote understanding of how components in a network system work.
What is a Network Protocol?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Network Protocol: set of rules for exchanging data in structured format
Addressing: describes where data messages should go
Encapsulation: describes how data messages should be packaged for transmission
Layer interaction: communication between nodes at each layer with its peer layer on the other node
Adjacent layer interaction: transmit or receive communication, each node
- each layer provides services for the layer above and uses services of the layer below
Network protocols ensure that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently between devices.
Encapsulation vs Decapsulation
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Encapsulation: At each level, sending node adds a header to the data payload, forming a “chunk” of data called a protocol data unit (PDU)
Decapsulation: The receiving node performs the reverse process, referred to as decapsulation
This process is essential for data transmission across networks.
What is the Layer 1 Physical Layer (PHY) networking?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Layer 1 (Physical):
PHY (Physical Layer) - transmission and receipt classified as wireless (unbound media) or cable (bounded media)
- Transceiver, Repeater, Hub, Media converter
- packet formatting for delivery
Physical Topology: nodes and links established by transmission media, improve performance, security
Physical Interface: mechanical
- cable media: construction of cable, interface/connector form factor, # of pins
- wireless media: radio transceiver / antenna
Signaling: transmitting and receiving encoded data
The Physical Layer is responsible for the physical connection between devices.
What is the Layer 2 (Data Link) in networking?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Layer 2 (Data Link): transferring data between nodes on the same logical segment, logical topology
- performs an encapsulation function, organizes the stream of bits arriving from the Physical layer into structured units called frames
- media access control, device identification
Devices:
Network Adapter: (NIC)
Bridge: intermediate system that joins physical network segments, multiple ports, each of which functions as a network interface
Switch: advanced type of bridge with many ports
Wireless Access Point (AP):
It operates within the logical topology.
What is the Layer 3 (Network) in networking?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Layer 3 (Network): moving data around a network of networks, known as an internetwork
- moves information around an internetwork by using logical network and host IDs
- path identification & selection
Devices:
Router
Basic Firewall: access control list (ACL), addresses and type of traffic permitted or blocked
Layer 3 is responsible for routing information between different networks.
What is Layer 4 (Transport) in networking?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Layer 4 (Transport): end-to-end or host-to-host layer, identify each type of network application by assigning it a port number, implement reliable data delivery mechanisms
Devices:
Multilayer switches work as load balancers
security appliances advanced firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS)
Port #
Layer 4 ensures that data is delivered accurately and in the correct order.
What are the Upper Layers in networking?
Mod 1.2 OSI Model Concepts
Objective 1.1
Layer 5 (Session):
- exchange of multiple messages between the client and server, session or dialog, managing data transfer, ending session
- Session ID #
Layer 6 (Presentation):
- transforms data between the format required for the network and the format required for the application
- translates data
-data formatting
Layer 7 (Application):
- provide an interface for software programs on network hosts that have established a communications channel through the lower-level protocols to exchange data
- HTTP
Layer 5 is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions.
What are Physical Layer Functions?
Mod 1.3 SOHO Networks
Objective 1.1
SOHO router (Layer 1): Physical Interfaces
- Radio Antennae transmit and receive wireless signals
- # of RJ45 Ports: usually 4, labeled LAN ports
- Modem
connect to ISP (internet service provider) labeled WAN port, RJ11 (DSL port) digital subscriber, F connector (coax cable service)
SOHO stands for Small Office/Home Office, indicating the type of router used in smaller settings.
What are the functions of the Data Link Layer in SOHO?
Mod 1.3 SOHO Networks
Objective 1.1
Ethernet Switch: RJ45 connected internally to Ethernet Switch
Wireless AP: radio antenna implement Wi-i standard, AP functions as wireless HUB, forms bridge between cabled and wireless segments
- each host ID by MAC (media Access Control) address
The Data Link Layer is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error detection and correction.
What is the function of the Network Layer in SOHO?
Mod 1.3
Objective 1.1
Makes forwarding decisions between the local private network and public internet, given IP
Local Network private IP 192.168.1.0/24
SOHO Router 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.254
SOHO WAN public IP address ex: 203.0.113.1 by ISP
This function is crucial for routing data packets effectively.
What is Transport & Application Layer & Security Functions in SOHO?
Each application is identified by a port number
The Transport Layer ensures that data is sent to the correct application on a device.
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Net + Mod 1 Networking Overview22
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Net + Mod 2 Supporting Cabling & Physical Installations18
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Net + Mod 3 Configuring Interface & Switches23
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Net + Mod 4 Configuring Network Addressing31
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Net + Mod 5 Configuring Routing and Advanced Switching36
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Net + Mod 6 Implementing Network Services20
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Net + Mod 7 Explaining Application Services28
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Net + Mod 8 Supporting Network Management20
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Net + Mod 9 Explaining Network Security Concepts17
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Net + Mod 10 Applying Network Security Features15
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Net + Mod 11 Supporting Network Security Design0
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Net + Mod 12 Configuring Wireless Networks0
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Net + Mod 13 Comparing Remote Access Methods0
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Net + Mod 14 Summarizing Cloud Concepts0
