NEUR533 - Memory Systems

Question 1

Learning outcomes

Answer 1

Reading chapter

Question 2

What is declarative memory?

Answer 2

Expliciti
Facts and events

Question 3

What is nondeclarative memory

Answer 3

Implicit
Procedural memory - motor skills, habits, emotional responses (amygdala), skills (striatum), classical conditioning

Question 4

Is procedural declarative or nondeclarative memory?

Answer 4

Nondeclarative memory

Question 5

What are the 2 types of procedural memory ?

Answer 5

• Nonassociative learning
• associative learning

Question 6

What are the 2 types of nonassociative learning?

Answer 6

Nonassociative learning is when you get used to something after being exposed to it many times.

• Habituation
• Sensitisation

Question 7

What are 2 classic types of associative learning?

Answer 7

Behaviour altered by formation of associations
between events

• Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
  – Pairing of unconditional stimulus with
  conditional stimulus

Instrumental conditioning (Thorndike)
– Associate a response with a meaningful
stimulus

Question 8

Classical conditioning - Dwight - the office

Answer 8

TYpes of declarative memory

Question 9

What is working memory?

Answer 9

Temporary storage - lasting seconds

Question 10

What is short term memories?

Answer 10

Vulnerable to disruption
- Facts and events
- Subset are converted to l ong-term memories

Question 11

What are long-term memories?

Answer 11

Recalled for months or years

Question 12

Memory consolidation - yankee doodle

Question 13

What are the 5 different types of amnesia?

Answer 13

• Amnesia- pathophysiology influenced
• Limited amnesia (common) caused by trauma
• Dissociated anmensia
• Retrograde amnesia
• Anterograde amnesia

Question 14

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 14

Memory loss for things prior to brain trauma
Retro = past

Question 15

What is anterograde amnesia

Answer 15

Inability to form new memories after brain trauma
Antero = forward

50 first dates

Question 16

Amnesia produced by brain trauma

Answer 16

Working memory slide

Question 17

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 17

Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia
- lasts short periods from temporary ischemia
- Attacks last a couple of hours

Question 18

Prefrontal cortex highly associated with working memory

Question 19

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

• Disinhibition
• Altered personality
• lack of empathy
• socially inappropriate behaviour
• Reactive aggression
• Impaired ‘mind theory’

Answer 19

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 20

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

• Decreased motivation
• apathy
• akinesia
• impaired detection of mismatches or errors

Answer 20

Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 21

What lobe would relate to deficits in:

• Reduced attentional control
• perseveration
• impaired executive functions
• Working memory, sequencing, planning, creativity, reasoning

Answer 21

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Tower of Hanoi classic test (forward thinking) dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

Classic dmPFC Wisconsin card sorting test - forward thinking

Question 23

The stroop test

Answer 23

2 different working memory tasks
Location
Blue = visual memory
Red = spacial memory
Green = visual and spacial memory cross over

Question 24

What cortical area is associated with guiding eye movements and stimulation causing saccades?

Answer 24

Lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP)

Question 25

What is Hebb's "Cell assembly" hypothesis?

Answer 25

- External events are represented in cortical areas - Cells reciprocally interconnected - reverberation - Simultanesously active neurons = cell assembly - Consolidation by growth process - Fire together, wire together

Question 26

Hebb's Cell assembly hypothesis

Answer 26

Important structures for memory

Question 27

What are the lobes critical for the consolidation and storage of declarative memories?

Answer 27

The medial temporal lobes

Question 28

KNOW - the information flow through the medial temporal lobe

Answer 28

Question 29

What is caveat?

Answer 29

complex sensations reported by minority of patiens, all with abnormal brains (epilpsy)

Question 30

What did penfield's electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobes induce?

Answer 30

Sensations like hallucinations or recalling past experiences

Question 31

Answer 31

Temporal lobe amnesia

Question 32

What did delayed match-to-sample and delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) tests show about the amydala and hippocampus?

Answer 32

That they are not significantly involved in recognition memory

Question 33

What are the critical structures for memory consolidation?

Answer 33

Medial temporal lobe structures

Question 34

The diencephalon and memory processing

Answer 34

Case study

Question 35

What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 35

Based on chronic alcoholism and thiamin deficiency SYmptoms: confusions, confabulations, severe memory impairment, apathy Can lead to dorsomedial thamaus and mammillary body lesions

Question 36

what does the hippocampal system do in memory functions

Answer 36

- Memory formation, retention, retrieval - memory consolidation - spatial memory of location of objections (behvaioural importance)

Question 37

Answer 37

Question 38

What do place cells do?

Answer 38

Fire when yu're in a particular location in relation to the cell A) place cell B) grid cell

Question 39

What do grid cells do?

Answer 39

Responds at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid

Question 40

What do grid cells and place cells do?

Answer 40

Show sensitivity for head direction to brain higher regions for spatial naviation

Question 41

grid cells are likely in what cortex?

Answer 41

Entorhinal cortex

Question 42

Effects on hippocampal lesions in rats

Question 43

What are 5 key hippocampal functions beyond spatial memory?

Answer 43

- Working memory - Integrates and associates sensory input - Odour discrimination - Links different experiences together

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

What are engrams?

Answer 45

Question 46

What do reconsolidation experiments show in memory?

Answer 46

Recalling a memory makes it susceptible to change

Question 47

Procedural memory

Question 48

What is the key area involved in habit learning and procedural memory?

Answer 48

striatum

Question 49

What are the 2 structures that make up the striatum?

Answer 49

caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum

Question 50

Where does thr striatum get it's input from?

Answer 50

frontal and parietal cortex

Question 51

Where is the output from the striatum?

Answer 51

thalamic nuclei and movement associated cortical areas

Question 52

The striatum and procedural memories in rats

Question 53

Lesions in the striatum disrupt _________ memory but not ____________ memory

Answer 53

procedural BUT NOT DECLARATIVE MEMORY

Question 54

Where is declarative memory (facts and events) associated with?

Answer 54

Medial temporal lobe (MT) Diencephalon

Question 55

What type of conditioning is nondeclarative memory associated with?

Answer 55

Classical conditioning eg musculoskeletal (cerebellum) Emotional responses (amydala)

Question 56

Is procedural memory declarative or non-declarative?

Answer 56

Nondeclarative

Question 57

What is procedural memory?

Answer 57

Skills, habits and behaviours (piano, tie shoes etc, riding bycicle)

Question 58

Where is procedural memory associated with?

Answer 58

Striatum

Question 59

Nondeclarative memory is also frequently called___________ memory, because it results from direct experience

Answer 59

implicit

Question 60

declarative memory is often called____________ memory, because it results from more conscious effort.

Answer 60

explicit

Question 61

Another distinction is that______________ memories are often easy to form and are easily forgotten. In contrast, forming__________ memories usually require repetition and practice over a longer period of time, but these memories are less likely to be forgotten.

Answer 61

declarative nondeclarative Think of the difference between memorizing the names of people you meet at a party (declara- tive) and learning to ski (nondeclarative)

Question 62

what are 2 types of Nonassociative learning?

Answer 62

Habituation and sensitization

Question 63

What is nonassociative learning?

Answer 63

change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus.

Question 64

What is habituation learning?

Answer 64

habituation, is learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning E.g. noise outside

Question 65

What is sensitization learning?

Answer 65

intensifies your response to all stimuli

Question 66

What is associative learning?

Answer 66

Associative learning is when you learn that one thing is connected to another, like hearing a bell and knowing it's time for dinner.

Question 67

What 2 types of learning are associative learning?

Answer 67

Classical conditioning Instrumental conditioning

Question 68

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 68

Classical conditioning Dog and bell association with food

Question 69

What is instrumental conditioning?

Answer 69

where a behavior becomes more or less frequent depending on whether it's followed by a reward or a punishment. For a 10-year-old: Imagine if you get a gold star every time you clean your room, so you start cleaning it more often. That's because you learned that cleaning leads to a reward (the gold star). But if you lose a toy every time you shout, you might shout less. That's because you learned that shouting leads to something you don't want (losing a toy).

Question 70

A second, entirely distinct form of temporary storage, lasting on the order of seconds, is __________________.

Answer 70

working memory

Question 71

If amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficit, it is known as __________amnesia (i.e., the memory problems are dissociated from any other problems).

Answer 71

dissociated

Question 72

What is LIP?

Answer 72

lateral intraparietal cortex

Question 73

What is this area of the brain associated with?

Answer 73

facial identity and spatial location Dorsomedial pFC and cingulate cortex

Question 74

The delayed-saccade task.

Answer 74

Hebb and the Cell Assembly.

Question 75

What is an engram or memory trace?

Answer 75

the location of a memory

Question 76

DRAW THIS OUT

Answer 76

The hippocampus

Question 77

what 5 Structures in the medial temporal lobe are involved in declarative memory formation?

Answer 77

1. Hippocampus 2. Entorhinal cortex 3. Rhinal sulcus 4. Perirhinal cortex 5. Parahippocampal cortex

Question 78

DRAW THIS OUT

Question 79

Input first reaches the ________and parahippocampal cortex before being passed to the hippocampus

Answer 79

rhinal

Question 80

A major output pathway from the hippocampus is the _________, which loops around the thalamus before terminating in the hypothalamus

Answer 80

fornix

Question 81

What does the fornix do?

Answer 81

connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus

Question 82

What do mammillary bodies do?

Answer 82

send a strong projection to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

Question 83

The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus also receives input from temporal lobe structures, including the _________ and____________ neocortex, and it projects to virtually all of the frontal cortex.

Answer 83

amygdala inferotemporal (IT)

Question 84

what is Korsakoff’s syndrome associated with?

Answer 84

Chronic alcoholism

Question 85

In addition to place cells in the hippocampus, recordings in rodents have identified neurons in the entorhinal cortex that are called _____ cells

Answer 85

grid

Question 86

However, unlike place cells, grid cells respond when the animal is at multiple locations that form a__________- grid

Answer 86

hexagonal

Question 87

Grid cells are organized topographically in the sense that the size of and distance between grid fields increased from _______ to________.

Answer 87

dorsal ventral Moreover, cells maintained firing relationships from one envi- ronment to the next, suggesting that we were on track of a universal type of spatial map, a map whose activity pattern in many ways disregarded the fine details of the environment.

Question 88

the_________ cortex provides input to the hippocampus.

Answer 88

entorhinal

Question 89

What is the ________ theory proposed by O’Keefe and his colleague Lynn Nadel, which states that the hippocampus is specialized for creating a spatial map of the environment?

Answer 89

cognitive map

Question 90

Hippocampus and memory summary

Question 91

Two models of memory consolidation. Youtube??

Answer 91

Question 92

Two elements of the basal ganglia are the __________ and the___________, together called the striatum.

Answer 92

caudate nucleus putamen

Question 93

The striatum sits at a key location in the motor loop, receiving input from ________ and________ cortex and sending output to thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in movement.

Answer 93

frontal parietal

Question 94

lesions to the ___________lobe significantly impair performance on the delayed non-match to sample task that uses declarative memory.

Answer 94

medial temporal

Question 95

When the striatum is damaged, there is no effect on the performance of the DNMS task? True or false

Answer 95

true

Question 96

When the striatum is damaged, the animal is unable to form the habit of always retrieving food associated with one visual stimulus rather than another. T/F?

Answer 96

true

Question 97

Review Questions