Neuro/Developmental

Question 1

What chromosome is affected wtih Down syndrome

Answer 1

Chromosome 21

Question 2

What is Down Syndrome

Answer 2

genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays

Question 3

what is a risk factor for Down Syndrome

Answer 3

Advanced maternal age

Question 4

what comorbiditis are associated with Down Syndrome

Answer 4

• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
• Early-onset Alzheimers disease
• Atlantoaxial instability (C1-C2)

Question 5

what are the most common issues for those affected with Down Syndrome

Answer 5

• Septal defects between atria
• duodenal atresia
• increased risk for ALL
• mental retardation and increased risk for alzheimers
• sterility in males

Question 6

how can Down Syndrome be diagnosed

Answer 6

Ultrasound prenatally
Labs - prenatally: Amniocentesis/CVS
Quadrouple screen
Postnatal diagnosis: dysmorphic features

Question 7

Above what temperature are febrile seizures associated with

Answer 7

Fevers greater than 38 degrees celcius (100.4F)

Question 8

what are the most common ages affected by febrile seizures

Answer 8

between 6 months and 5 years of age

Question 9

What is the treatment for febrile seizure

Answer 9

• mostly counseling, reassuracne and educating the parents
• antipyretics to alleviate symptoms of fever
• can consider further workup if concerned for infection/structural abdormalities

Question 10

When is the Hepatitis B vaccine given

Answer 10

1st dose: within 24 hours of life
2nd dose: 1-2 months
3rd dose: 6-18 months

Question 11

When is Rotavirus vaccine given

Answer 11

1st dose: 2 months
2nd dose: 4 months
3rd dose: 6 months

Question 12

when is Diphtheria, tetanus and/or pertussis given

Answer 12

First dose: 2 months
Second dose: 4 months
Third dose: 6 months
Fouth Dose: 15-18 months
Fifth dose: 4-6 yo
boosters: start at 11 yo

Question 13

When is H.Influenzae type B conjugate vaccine given

Answer 13

first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 12-15 months

Question 14

When is Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given

Answer 14

first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6 months
Fouth dose: 12-15 months

Question 15

when is Poliovirus vaccine given

Answer 15

first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6-18 months
fourth dose: 4-6 years

Question 16

when is influenza vaccine given

Answer 16

annually for those 6months and older

Question 17

when is MMR vaccine given

Answer 17

first dose: 12-15 months
second dose: 4-6 years old

Question 18

when is Varicella vaccine given

Answer 18

first dose: 12-15 months
Second dose: 4-6 years old

Question 19

when is Hepatitis A vaccine given

Answer 19

first dose: 12-24 months
second dose: atleast 6 months after first dose

Question 20

when is HPV vaccine given

Answer 20

Two doses: 9-14yo: 6-12 months apart
three doses if 15yo or older given 0,1-2, and 6 months apart

Question 21

when is meningococcal vaccine given

Answer 21

First dose: 11-12 yo
Second dose: 16yo

Question 22

how often is Tdap/Td boostered

Answer 22

every 10 years

Question 23

When is Zoster vaccine given

Answer 23

two doses given 2-6 months apart in pts 50 or older

Question 24

What is the classic triad of meningitis

Answer 24

headache, fever and stiff neck (nuchal rigidity)

Question 25

In the US, what is the common cause of meningitis

Answer 25

Viral infection

Question 26

what is Kernig sign

Answer 26

knee extension causes pain in the neck

Question 27

what is Brudzinski sign

Answer 27

leg raise when neck bend

Question 28

how is meningitis diagnosed

Answer 28

Spinal tap: increased opening pressure, decreased glucose, increased WBC (neutrophils) and increased protein

Question 29

how is meningitis treated

Answer 29

Dexamethasone and Empiric IV abx (cephalosporin, vancomycin, penicillins)

Question 30

what is the treatment for household contacts for those diagnosed with meningitis

Answer 30

Rifampin, Cipro, levaquin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone

Question 31

What are the types of focal seizures

Answer 31

focal seizure with retained awareness focal seizure with loss of awareness

Question 32

what is the treatment for focal seizures

Answer 32

phenytoin and carbamazepine

Question 33

what is a generalized seizure

Answer 33

occurs when there is a widespread seizure acitivty in R and L hemisphere of the brain

Question 34

what are the different types of generalized seizures (6)

Answer 34

Absence seizures tonic-clonic seizures atonic seizures clonic seizures tonic seizures myoclonic seizures

Question 35

What is Status epilepticus

Answer 35

single epileptic seizure lasting more than 5minutes or two or more seizures within a 5-min period without person returning to nromal between them

Question 36

what is the treatmetn for status epilepticus

Answer 36

Benzos (lorazepam) and then phenytoin

Question 37

when does teething usually occur

Answer 37

6months to 24 months

Question 38

what are classic signs of teething

Answer 38

excessive drooling chewing on objects irritability or crankiness sore/tender gums slight increase in temperature

Question 39

what is turner syndrome

Answer 39

genetic disorder caused by missing X chromosome in female (45XO)

Question 40

what is the most common genetic cause of primary amenorrhea

Answer 40

Turner syndrome

Question 41

what are the common features of turners syndrome

Answer 41

streak ovaries short stature lyphadema neck webbing congenital heart and renal defects

Question 42

what is the treatment for Turner syndrome

Answer 42

growth homrone therapy and sex hormone replacement therapy