AIM - The Brain > Neuro Misc 2 > Flashcards

Neuro Misc 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

nuclei in medulla

A

IX, X, XI, XII

9-12

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2
Q

nuclei in pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

5-8

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3
Q

nuclei above pons

A

I, II, III, IV

1-4

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4
Q

medial tracts

A
  • motor nuclei (somatic): III, IV, VI, XII
  • motor pathway: CST
  • MLF
  • Medial lemniscus
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5
Q

lateral tracts

A
  • sympathetic
  • spinothalamic
  • sensory (V)
  • spinocerebellar (ICP)
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6
Q

where do they cross?

  • CST
  • DC
  • STT
A
  • CST: caudal medulla
  • DC: caudal medulla
  • STT: at the spinal level it innervates

Loss of CST/DC are contralateral to lesion if above medulla, ipsilateral if in spinal cord

STT is always contralateral

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7
Q

frontal eye fields

  • blood supply
  • function
A
  • ACA

- move eyes laterally connects to PPRF

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8
Q

branchial motor nuclei of the brainstem

A
  • motor nucleus of V
  • facial
  • ambiguus
  • spinal accessory
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9
Q

sensory nuclei of thalamus

A

VPL, VPM

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10
Q

motor nuclei of the thalamus

A

VA, VL

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11
Q

limbic nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • anterior (to cingulate)

- DM (to prefrontal cortex, amygdala)

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12
Q

auditory nuclei of the thalamus

A

medial geniculate bodies

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13
Q

visual nuclei of the thalamus

A

lateral geniculate bodies

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14
Q

association nuclei of the thalamus

A

pulvinar

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15
Q

PVN, SON function

A
  • make hormones for posterior pituitary

- ADH, oxytocin

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16
Q

hypothalamus: food intake and metabolism

A
  • VMH (satiety)
  • LH (feeding)
  • ARC
  • PVN
  • DMH
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17
Q

hypothalamus: day night rhythms

A

SCN

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18
Q

hypothalamus: temperature regulation

A
  • AH, POA: heat dissipation

- PH: heat conservation

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19
Q

heat dissipation

A

AH

POA

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20
Q

heat conservation

A

PH

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21
Q

hippocampal formation involvement implicated in

A
  • memory fxn
  • depression
  • schizophrenia
  • alzheimers
  • epilepsy
  • autism
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22
Q

amygdala involvement implicated in

A
  • temporal lobe epilepsy
  • alzheimer’s
  • anxiety states
  • affective disorders
  • PTSD
  • Schizophrenia
  • autism
  • panic disorders
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23
Q

habituation

A

decreasing response to a sensory stimulus

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24
Q

sensitization

A

increasing response to a sensory stimulus

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25
learning and memory require changes in ___________
learning and memory require changes in SYNAPTIC STRENGTH
26
short term memory depends on __________
short term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION
27
long term memory depends on _____________
long term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOS. and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
28
NMDA receptors are essential for _______
NMDA receptors are essential for ASSOCIATIVE CONDITIONING
29
thalamic sensory and relay nuclei INTO CORTEX
layer IV
30
thalamic nuclei INTO CORTEX
layer VI
31
intracortical input
layers II/III
32
cortex to other cortical areas
layer III
33
cortex to striatum, brainstem, spinal cord
layer V
34
cortex to thalamus
layer VI
35
primary motor cortex
- more pyramidal cells (larger) | - thicker layers: V, VI
36
primary sensory cortex
- more granular cells (smaller) | - thicker layer IV
37
Brodmann's Areas: - 1, 2, 3 - 4 - 17 - 41
Brodmann's Areas: - 1, 2, 3: somatosensory cortex - 4: motor cortex - 17: visual cortex - 41: auditory cortex
38
parahippocampal gyrus contains
- hippocampus | - amygdala
39
insula cortex
- sensory - pain - disgust - gustatory - autonomic function not well understood
40
cuneus
-superior retinal fibers (lower visual field)
41
lingula
inferior retinal fibers (upper field | -Meyer's loop
42
calcarine cortex
- all fibers from lateral geniculate nucleus | - cuneus + lingula
43
arcuate fasciculus
- connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas | - conductive aphasia: can't repeat
44
lesion of splenium of corpus callosum
alexia without agraphia
45
AMD
- blurred CENTRAL vision - Dry, then wet - VEGF for wet phase
46
retinitis pigmentosa
- decreased vision at night/low light - tunnel vision - mutation in photoreceptor protein
47
diabetic retinopathy
- blurred vision - gradual loss - floaters, shadows - nonproliferative, then proliferative - laser treatment
48
glaucoma
- pressure build up damages optic n - closed/open angle - beta adrenergic antagonists (decr. production - prostaglandins (incr outflow)
49
vestibulocerebellum
- flocculonodular lobe | - equilibrium
50
spinocerebellum
- vermis - midline structures - ataxia, incoordination, instability - ALCOHOLICS
51
neocerebellum
- hemispheres - upper limb control - intention tremor - dysmetria - disdiadochokinesis - ataxia
52
gegenhalten: variable resistance to passive movements of limbs
frontal lobe syndrome
53
anton's syndrome
- denial of blindness - bilateral occipital lobe lesions - react to confrontation - confabulation
54
balint's syndrome
- bilateral occipitoparietal - simultagnosia - optic ataxia - oculomotor apraxia MCA-PCA WATERSHED
55
dysprosody
MCA on right
56
frontal eye fields
- supplied by MCA | - gaze deviation towards side of the lesion
57
clumsy hand dysarthria
- internal capsule - ventral pons - corona radiata
58
MCA-PCA watershed
BALINT's Syndrome | -visuospatial deficits
59
EEG of absence seizure
generalized spike and wave
60
tonic vs clonic
tonic: body stiffening clonic: rhythmic activity
61
relapsing remitting
reverts back to baseline between attacks
62
relapsing progressive
reverts not quite back to baseline between attacks
63
secondary progressive
converts to a progressive course
64
primary progressive
progressive course from onset
65
MS diagnosis
- MRI - clinical Sx - evoked potentials - lumbar puncture: oligoclonal bands, IgG - WBC <50
66
alzheimer's dementia
loss of - memory - executive fxn - visuospatial impairment - language - behavior
67
lewy body dementia
- hallucinations | - psychosis
68
vascular dementia
-stepwise progression of cognitive decline
69
frontotemporal dementia
- social disinhibition - abulia - personality changes
70
beta-amyloid in brain, CSF?
- elevated in brain | - low in CSF
71
tau protein in brain, CSF
- elevated in brain | - elevated in CSF
72
Alzheimer's: unknown cause
ApoE-4 age, female, head trauma
73
Alzheimer's: down's syndrome
trisomy 21
74
Alzheimer's: familial
- early onset - autosomal dominant - abnormal genes: APP, gamma secretase
75
stuporous
responds to voice, pain
76
persistent vegetative state
- may open eyes, but NO interaction with enviornment - brainstem works - cortex does not work - Dx: 1 month (1 yr for trauma)
77
minimally conscious state
- between PVS and normal - follow simple commands - intelligible verbalization - purposeful behavior
78
locked in syndrome
- patient is awake - incapable of movement or speech - eye movements possible - ventral pontine lesion
79
epidural hematoma
- middle meningeal a rupture - skull fx - lucid interval
80
subdural hematoma
- rupture of bridging veins - acute or chronic - mild trauma
81
glasgow coma scale
3-15 - eye opening - verbal response - motor response <8 is serious head injury
82
management of elevated ICP
- elevate head - hyperventilation - osmotic diuretics - barbiturate coma - CSF drainage (ventriculostomy) - hemicraniectomy
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