NEURO PSYC

Question 1

WHAT WILL A PERSON HAVE PROBLEMS WITH IF RIGHT OR LEFT HEMISPHERES ARE DAMAGED?

Answer 1

LEFT= CAN’T SEE DETAILS (TREES)

RIGHT= CAN’T SEE BIG PICTURE (FOREST)

Question 2

WHAT IS THE WADA TECHNIQUE AND WHAT WAS IS REPLACED WITH?

Answer 2

Paralize half the brain, while patient is awake; this way they can test where damage has been done. Replaced by fMRI’s.

Question 3

(object recognition)

What is the difference between the Dorsal and the Ventral streams?

Answer 3

Dorsal = “Where”

Ventral = “What”

If the ventral stream is damaged will have problems with object recognition.

Question 4

What is Visual Agnosia?

Answer 4

An inability to recognize objects in the visual modality AND can’t be explain by other causes

Question 5

What are two types of Visual Agnosias?

Answer 5

Apperceptive= has trouble forming a “percept” (mental picture) (e.g. can’t copy objects)

Associative= can see object but does not know what they are looking at (e.g. anchor exercise, can copy the anchor, but can’t draw it when asked)

Question 6

What is prosopagnosia? And where is the possible damage?

Answer 6

Agnosia for faces (face blind)

Video we saw: Oliver Sacks

FAMILIAR faces are recognized implicitly. They learn facial details or hair styles to recognize people.

Damage= fusiform gyrus

Question 7

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?

Answer 7

• Perceive themselves as ugly or “monstrous”
• Focus on the details of appearance
• Engage in compulsive behaviors
  
  • Check their appearance in mirrors often
  • Camauflauge their appearance (tanning, makeup, plastic surgery)
• DSM V is under OCD

Question 8

(Spatial Cognition)

What are the key components of the Dorsal Visual Stream?

…hint: Central Sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Answer 8

1. IPS- Intra parietal sulcus (divides the next two)
2. SPL- Superior parietal lobule
3. IPL- Inferior parietal lobule
4. S1- somatosensory cortex (next to the CS, not part of the posterior parietal)

Question 9

What is damaged when someone has trouble with constructional abilities?

Answer 9

Right hemisphere (i.e. stroke)

Question 10

(Language)

What is Aphasia?

Answer 10

Loss of a language-processing ability after brain damage

Question 11

What are the four types of aphasias?

Answer 11

1. BROCAS
2. WARNICKES
3. CONDUCTION
4. GLOBAL

Question 12

What is parahasias?

Answer 12

Errors in producing specific words:

Semantic= meaning similar, i.e. replace ‘barn’ for ‘house’

Phonemic= sound similar

Question 13

What distinguishes: Phonology, Syntax, and Semantic?

Answer 13

• Phonlogy- Sounds that compose a language; phoneme- considered smallest unit of sound /b/ or /p/
• Syntax- rules of grammar; subject verb object (svo)
• Semantic- meaning of language

Question 14

What distinguishes the four types of aphasias? Particularly spontaneous speech, comprehension, and area of the brain (brodmans area)?

Answer 14

1. Brocas- Non-fluent, Good, 44 (anterior of left hemisphere)
2. Wirneckes- Fluent, Poor, 22 (posterior of left hemisphere)
3. Conduction- Fluent, Good, 40-tissue
4. Global- Non-fluent, Poor, All

Question 15

What is arcuate fasiculus?

Answer 15

large nerve-fiber tract connects both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (looks like a bat)

Question 16

Describe direct and indirect routes to language meaning.

Answer 16

Direct- print is translated directly to meaning

Indirect- phonology is linked to meaning (sounding off)

Question 17

(Disorders of written language)

What is dyslexia and the four major types?

(hint: think of pool)

Answer 17

Dyslexia- problem with written language and no known accident or damage

• Surface- can’t link surface meaning
• Phonological- Can’t read or sound off new words
• Deep- problems with reading words with the same meaning
• Attentional- only occur in reading; they can see ‘w’ on its own but not in a word

Question 18

What is agraphia and the two types?

Answer 18

Agraphia: loss of ability to write

Phonological- spelling words that can’t sound off

Lexical- spell regular words but hard to spell irregular words

Question 19

(Memory)

Describe HM?

Answer 19

• Summer of 1953 Henry Gustav Molaison underwent surgery to contain eplieptic seizures
• Had both persistent and remarkably selective amnesia
• Used his brain for further study: sliced into 3000 slices
• Remembered everything before the operation (anterograde amnesia)
• Could learn motor skill (but could not recall the many trials it took to learn it)

Question 20

What is PKM- Zeta?

Answer 20

A molecule that acts like a glue of neurons; maintains long term memories

Question 21

What about the hippocampus and long term memory (HM’s case)?

Answer 21

The hippocampus is involved in long term memory (forming), but it’s not stored there; in HM’s case the hippocampus was removed, yet he remembers everthing prior to the operation.

Question 22

What is the meaning and difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Answer 22

Anterograde: deficit in learning new information

Retrograde: impairment of memory for information that was acquired prior to the event that caused the amnesia

Question 23

What are the five concepts (processes) involved in memory?

Answer 23

1. Working memory- hold limited info.
2. Encoding- processing
3. Consolidation and
4. Storage: process by which memories are strengthened to allow for long-term memory
5. Retrieval-

Question 24

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 24

Explicit: conscious

Implicit: unconscious

Question 25

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

Answer 25

Semantic- facts, concepts, categories and meaning of words Episodic- autobiographical memories; specific to our own experience

Question 26

(Attention) What is alertness or arousal?

Answer 26

Orienting our attention toward something

Question 27

What is RAS? And what role does the thalamus have?

Answer 27

Recticular Activating System: involved in overall arousal Thalamus: Acts like a relay system (think of the brain stem with red, then arrows pointing outwards in various directions)

Question 28

What is vigalence?

Answer 28

Sustained attention

Question 29

What is selective attention? Include bottom up and top down.

Answer 29

Filtering process Bottom up: sensory is guiding your attention Top down: you are directing it; intrinsic motivation

Question 30

What is divided attention?

Answer 30

Split our attention accross tasks It is easier to perform an auditory and visual task, than two visual tasks. (same resources)

Question 31

What is the difference between early selection and late selection? (two schools of thought)

Answer 31

Early: before consciousness Late: after sensory processing is complete and items have been identified and categorized Event-Related Potential (ERP) is showing that attentional selection can ocur earlier and later in processing

Question 32

What are the brain networks implicated in selective attention?

Answer 32

* Superior Colliculus- shifting attention * Thalamus-the filter and relay system * Parietal lobe- top down and bottom up * Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPC)- selects from various responses; Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) * Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPC)- Source of attentional control **P**eople **L**ove **M**eaningful **S**ex **T**onight

Question 33

(Executive Function) Describe Dr. P

Answer 33

* Was a surgeon * Lost his ability to plan * Turned truck driver-- but needed a lot of assistance from his brother * Unaware of his deficit

Question 34

What is executive function? What is it responsible for?

Answer 34

* Ability to plan actions to reach a goal * Use information flexibly * Think abstractly * Make inferences (think of making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich: Staying on task, sequencing or planning actions, modifying strategies, using knowledge in your plans, monitoring your actions)

Question 35

What brain area/region (s) are involved in executive functioning?

Answer 35

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)-- The CEO of our brain; the quarterback Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Question 36

What are the three major tasks in executive function? And describe what they are responsible for.

Answer 36

1. Inhibition- ability to STOP, interrupt, or abort inappropiate responses 2. Shifting- modification of strategy (i.e. task switching activity- WCST) 3. Updating- initiate and sustained responding

Question 37

What is involved in higher order thinking?

Answer 37

* think abstractly * deduce rules * ability to be flexible

Question 38

What is cognitive flexibility and what area of the brain has been found to house this?

Answer 38

Looking at situation from multiple vantage points. Orbitalfrontal Cortex (OFC)

Question 39

Describe the Banich (2009) model to attentional path

Answer 39

1. DLPFC sends info 2. Anterior region of PFC- evaluates appropriatness of response 3. ACC- which info. should guide response 4. Anterior Dorsal ACC- Evaluate whether response was correct

Question 40

What are the four major areas of the brain involved in Emotion? And what are they responsible for

Answer 40

HAHA! 1. Hypothalamus- controls hormonal system; levels of stress hormones 2. Amygdala- early detection; emotional significance 3. Hippocampus- memory of the emotional stimuli 4. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)- error evaluation; emotion regulation

Question 41

Describe what RDoC is? Include its five domains and some units of analysis

Answer 41

Research Domain Criteria (version of categorizing mental health disorders/problems) Domains: 1. Negative valence system 2. Positive valence system 3. Cognitive systems 4. Systems for social processes 5. Arousal and regulatory systems Units of Analysis: Genes, Molecules, Cells, Circuits, Physiology, Behavior, Self reports

Question 42

What are the brain regions involved in memory?

Answer 42

1. Ventral lateral PFC (orange) 2. Dorso lateral PFC (red) 3. Motor cortex (white) 4. Left parietal cortex (yellow) 5. Interior temporal cortex (brown) Hippocampus Amygdala

Question 43

What are the most prominent theories of depression and emotion? And give a brief description.

Answer 43

* Becks cognitive schema * Tripartite models * Circumplex model * Motivational model Becks cognitive schema: **Negative cognitive schemas** with respect to 1. Attentional bias- attend to sad or negative stimuli, 2. Memory bias- overremember negative info, and 3. Interpretation bias- interpret neutral as negative **Tripartite model**: (Venm diagram) Low positive affect "pure depression"; High somatic arousal "pure anxiety"; and High negative affect- comorbidity (shaded in the middle; more common) Cicumplex model: Mood is affected by frontal regions; Arousal is affected by activation of the right posteriar region. LESS LEFT THAN RIGHT. Motivational model: Approadh: Engaged behavior (left PFC) Withdrawal: Retracted behavior''

Question 44

Describe what DBS is and Helen Mayberg

Answer 44

Deep Brain Stimulattion Helen Mayberg worked with the areas of the brain that are connected to cognitive connections (DLPFC), and the limbic system- emotional connections. Specifically area 25.