Neurodevelopment disorders

Question 1

What are the 6 common factors for developing neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 1

• genetic abnormalites
• exposure to teratogens
• nutritional defieiecies
• deprivation
• trauma
• infections

Question 2

What is nature?

Answer 2

Things we are born with

Question 4

What is nurture?

Answer 4

prenatal, perinatal and postnatal environment

Question 5

What are these factors of?

• nutritional defiences, exposure to teratogen

Answer 5

Prenatal factors

Question 6

What are these factors of?

• preterm birth, birth weight or small for gestational age

Answer 6

Perinatal factors

Question 7

What are these factors of?

opportunity to learn and practice skill, exposure to pollutants, inadequate nurture and bonding, parental and child-rearing practices

Answer 7

Postnatal factors

Question 8

When is CNS more susceptible to malformations?

Answer 8

Day 14 - week 20 gestation

Question 9

When is incidence for distrubtion in cellular proliferation is at its highest?

Answer 9

3 - 4 months of gestation

Question 10

When is interference in neural migration process is the greatest?

Answer 10

3 - 5 months

Question 11

When could there be disruption in the organization process?

Answer 11

5 months to early childhood

Question 12

When is the peak time for interuptions in myelination processes

Answer 12

3 years old

Question 13

When do the following disorders form?

• Anencephaly
• Arnold-Chiari Malformations
• Spina Bifida Occulta
• Spina Bifida Aperta

Answer 13

Neural Tube Formation

Question 14

When do the following disorders form?

• Fetal Alchohol Syndrome
• Cocaine-Affected Nervous System

Answer 14

Cellular Proliferation

Question 15

When do the following disorders form?

• Lissencephaly
• Heterotopia
• Seizures
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 15

Neuronal Migration

Question 16

When do the following disorders form?

• Intellectual Disability
• Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
• Cerebral Palsy
• Developmental Coordination Disorder
• ASD

Answer 16

Organization

Question 17

When do the following disorders form?

• Leukodystorphies
• ASD

Answer 17

Myelination

Question 18

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

• Neural tube disorders
• chromosomal disorders
• drugs
• chemicals
• TORCH infections

Answer 18

0 - 6+ weeks gestation

Question 19

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

• neurocutaneous syndromes and maternal problems
• diabetes
• toxemia
• multiple pregancies
• placental dysfunction

Answer 19

1 Month Gestation to Birth

Question 20

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

• prematurity
• trauma
• aspiration

Answer 20

Perinatal

Question 21

When do these following neurodevelopmental disorders take place?

• progressive encephalopathies
• infections
• trauma
• childhood nervous system turmor
• complications of spina bifida aperta

Answer 21

Postnatal

Question 22

What is this neural tube disorder?

Abnormal development of the spinal cord and surrounding nerves and vertebrae

Answer 22

Spina Bifida

Question 23

What neural tube disorder is this?

Malformation of the spinal cord open to the surface of the body

Answer 23

Myeloschisis

Question 23

What is spina bifida’s associated cause?

Answer 23

Maternal nutrtional deficits in folic acid

Question 23

# What neural disorder has these structure/function abnormalities? - CSF-filled cysts not covered in skin and contain meninges, spinal cord, nerve roots that protrude out of spinal canal through dorsal bony defect - hydrocephallus, tethered cord syndrome, brainstem and cerebellar malformation

Answer 23

Myelomeningoele

Question 23

# What neural tube disorder is this? Neural tube does not protrude through bony defect

Answer 23

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 23

What is the developmental process disturbance for Myelomenngoele?

Answer 23

impaired neurulation

Question 23

# What neural tube disorder is this? Neural tissue (spinal cord and nerve roots) and meninges protrude through bony defect

Answer 23

Myelomeningocele

Question 23

# What neural disorder has these deficits? - intellectual disability, lack of bladder and bowel control - impaired or absent sensation - deficit in timing and coordination of movements of UE and trunk - paresis of lower trunk

Answer 23

Myelomeningoele

Question 24

# What neural disorder has these etiology? maternal nutritional deficits (lacks folic acid)

Answer 24

Myelomeningoele

Question 25

Why is overproduction and elimination of neurons necessary for brain connectivty?

Answer 25

Optimizes brain function

Question 26

What is abnormal quantity of cells in cortex?

Answer 26

Abnormal Gyri

Question 27

What is gray matter is displaced into deep cerebral white matter

Answer 27

Heterotopia

Question 28

What is poor muscle tone and motor function, seizures, developmental delays, intellectual disability, mircocephaly and feeding difficulties

Answer 28

Lissencephally

Question 29

# What neuronal disorder has these characteristics? - extra chromosome 47 vs 46 - neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary pathologies - intellectual disabilities and global developmental delays

Answer 29

Down Syndrome

Question 30

# What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances? - impaired cell proliferation, migration, axonal and dendritic growth, synapogenesis, myelination

Answer 30

Down Syndrome

Question 31

# What neuronal disorder has these Structure/Function Abnormalities? - reduced brain weight and volume in amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal and temporal lobes, smaller brain convolutions, microcephaly, microbrachycephaly - decreased production of nervous, smaller neurons altered synaptic morphology, structural abnormalities in dendritic spines in pyramidal tracts of motor cortex - delayed myelination averaging 12 months

Answer 31

Down Syndrome

Question 32

# What neuronal disorder has these deficits? - impairments in executive function, declarative memory, learning, low muscle tone, postural control issues and delays in motor and language development

Answer 32

Down Syndrome

Question 33

# What neuronal disorder has these etiology? - abnormal cell divsion resulting in extra genetic material from chromsome 21

Answer 33

Down Syndrome

Question 34

# What neuronal disorder has these characteristics? - impaired social interaction - impaired communication - restricted interests - repetitive behaviors

Answer 34

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 35

# What neuronal disorder has these developmental process disturbances? - atypical brain organization - abnormal neurogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, cell fate - abnormal synaptogensis - imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurons

Answer 35

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 36

# What neuronal disorder has these structure/function abnormalities? - disorganized arrangement of cells in prefrontal and temporal cortex - abnormal communications/connections among cerebral areas - increased gray matter volume in frontal lobe and temporal cortexes - larger than normal amygdala during childhood, doesn't persist in adolesence - abnormally strong connection of sensory cortex's and the amygdala - greater than normal amount of synapses from lack of pruning

Answer 36

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 37

# What neuronal disorder has these deficits? - impaired cognition, social use of language, working memory - under- and over- responsive to stimuli and seek repetitve sensory stimuli - autonomic dsyfunctions associated with anxiety, depression, and stress - motor deficits

Answer 37

AutAutism Spectrum Disorder

Question 38

# What neuronal disorder has this etiology - genetics, epigenetic, environmental factors - heritability is 90% - increase risk associated with older patients conception, maternal obesity, and preterm birth

Answer 38

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 39

# What are neuronal disorder has this characteristic? - movement and postural behavior - permanent, nonprogressive damage to developing brain, abnormal brain development occuring prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal to 2 years old

Answer 39

Cerebral Palsy

Question 40

# What neuronal disorder has this developmental process disturbances? - interferes with organization processes due to lesion interrupting axons descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord - eliminates competition for synaptic sites during critical periods inappropriate connections and abnormal development of spinal motor centers - defiency in descending control

Answer 40

Cerebral Palsy

Question 41

# What neuronal disorder has these stucture/function abnormalities - brain atrophy impacting cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and axons adjacnet to the lateral ventricle - abnormalities of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum

Answer 41

Cerebral Palsy

Question 42

# What neuronal disorder has these deficits? - abnormal muscle tone (hypertonia, hypotonia) - abnormal movements: ataxia, dyskinesia - somatosensory impairments, pain, incontinence, impaired eye movements and vision, intellectual disability, language deficits, seizures - gait dysfunction, impaired motor skills, paresis

Answer 42

Cerebral Palsy

Question 43

# What neuronal disorder has this etiology? - abnormal development in utero, metabolic abnormalities, disorders of the immune system, coagulation disorders, infection, trauma or rarely hypoxia

Answer 43

Cerebral Palsy

Question 44

# What type of cerebral palsy is this? very low muscle tone, impaired ability or inability to move; lesion of upper motor neurons

Answer 44

Hypotonic

Question 45

# What type of cerebral palsy is this? Paresis, muscle shortening, increased muscle resistance to movement; lesions of upper motor neurons

Answer 45

Spastic

Question 46

# What type of cerebral palsy is this? slow, writhing movements, jerky movementsm and/or sustained involuntary postures; basal ganglia abnormalites

Answer 46

Dykinetic

Question 47

# What type of cerebral palsy is this? incoordination, shaking during voluntary movements; thalamic and cerebellar abnormalities

Answer 47

Ataxic

Question 48

When does delayed maturation of neuronal and glia cells occur

Answer 48

apenic, ischemic, and inflammatory events during preterm

Question 49

What is associated with cognitive, motor and emotional development and reduced social skills during childhood

Answer 49

alteration of white matter

Question 50

What is group of rare, progessive, metabolic, genetic diseases that affect brain, spinal cord and after peripheral nerves

Answer 50

Leukodystrophies

Question 51

What is delayed loss of function?

Answer 51

Growing into deficit