Physiology 201 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

Front

A

Back

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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3
Q

Two features that make neurons different from other cells

A

No centrosome (cannot divide); Presence of axon and dendrites

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4
Q

Main functions of neurons

A

Respond to stimuli, conduct electrochemical impulses, release chemical regulators

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5
Q

What processes arise from neurons?

A

Axon and dendrites

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6
Q

Neuron classification based on poles

A

Unipolar, Bipolar, Pseudounipolar, Multipolar

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7
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Neuron with one pole from which axon and dendrites arise

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8
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

Embryonic stage, cerebellum, dorsal cochlear nucleus

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9
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Neuron with one axon and one dendrite from opposite poles

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10
Q

Where are bipolar neurons located?

A

Olfactory epithelium, retina, vestibulocochlear ganglia

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11
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Sensory neuron with branched axon performing dendrite and axon functions

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12
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons located?

A

Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

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13
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Neuron with one axon and many dendrites

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14
Q

Most common neuron type

A

Multipolar neuron

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15
Q

Location of multipolar neurons

A

CNS and autonomic ganglia

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16
Q

Motor neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

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17
Q

Another name for motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons

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18
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses from periphery to CNS

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19
Q

Another name for sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons

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20
Q

Axon length in motor neurons

A

Long axon and short dendrites

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21
Q

Axon length in sensory neurons

A

Short axon and long dendrites

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22
Q

Golgi type I neurons

A

Neurons with long axons reaching peripheral organs

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23
Q

Golgi type II neurons

A

Neurons with short axons

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24
Q

Location of Golgi type II neurons

A

Cerebral cortex and spinal cord

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25
Three main parts of neuron
Cell body, dendrites, axon
26
Another name for cell body
Soma or perikaryon
27
Function of cell body
Nutritional center of neuron
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Cytoplasm of neuron
Neuroplasm
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Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Nuclei
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Clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS
Ganglia
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Nissl bodies
Basophilic granules present in neuron cytoplasm
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Location of Nissl bodies
Soma and dendrites
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Where are Nissl bodies absent?
Axon and axon hillock
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Function of Nissl bodies
Protein synthesis
35
Disappearance of Nissl bodies during injury
Chromatolysis
36
Dendrites
Short branched processes that carry impulses toward cell body
37
Axon
Long process that carries impulses away from cell body
38
Site where axon begins
Axon hillock
39
Length of longest axon
About 1 meter
40
Function of dendrites
Receive impulses
41
Function of axon
Conduct impulses away from cell body
42
Myelin sheath
Lipoprotein sheath surrounding axon
43
Cells forming myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
44
Gap between myelin segments
Node of Ranvier
45
Segment between nodes
Internode
46
Type of conduction in myelinated fibers
Saltatory conduction
47
Meaning of saltatory conduction
Impulse jumps from node to node
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Main function of myelin sheath
Faster impulse conduction and insulation
49
Non-myelinated nerve fiber
Nerve fiber without myelin sheath
50
Speed of conduction
Slower than myelinated fibers
51
Reason for slow conduction
Lack of myelin and small diameter
52
Neurilemma
Thin sheath surrounding the axon
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Another name for neurilemma
Schwann sheath
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Function of neurilemma
Formation of myelin sheath
55
Neurilemma in CNS
Absent
56
Cells responsible for myelin formation in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
57
Neurotrophins
Protein substances promoting growth and survival of neurons
58
Sources of neurotrophins
Muscles, astrocytes, neurons
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Functions of neurotrophins
Maintenance, survival, repair and development of neurons
60
First discovered neurotrophin
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
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Total number of muscles in human body
Over 600
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Main function of muscle
Contraction and force production
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Three types of muscle
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Skeletal muscle
Striated voluntary muscle attached to bones
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Percentage of body mass
40–50%
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Covering of muscle
Epimysium
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Covering of fascicle
Perimysium
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Covering of muscle fiber
Endomysium
69
Sarcomere
Structural and functional unit of muscle
70
Boundaries of sarcomere
Between two Z lines
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Dark band
A band
72
Light band
I band
73
Central region of A band
H zone
74
Center of H zone
M line
75
Two types of myofilaments
Actin and Myosin
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Actin filament
Thin filament
77
Myosin filament
Thick filament
78
Sliding filament theory
Actin slides over myosin during contraction
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Troponin I
Attached to actin
80
Troponin T
Attached to tropomyosin
81
Troponin C
Binds calcium ions
82
T tubules
Invaginations of sarcolemma carrying action potential inside muscle
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Function of T tubules
Rapid transmission of impulse to myofibrils
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores calcium ions
85
Role of calcium
Triggers muscle contraction
86
Isotonic contraction
Muscle length changes but tension remains constant
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Isometric contraction
Tension increases but length remains constant
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Muscle twitch
Contraction and relaxation following single stimulus
89
Three phases of twitch
Latent period, contraction period, relaxation period
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Total twitch duration
About 0.1 second
91
Tetanus
Sustained contraction due to rapid repeated stimuli
92
Cause of pathological tetanus
Clostridium tetani infection
93
Common name of tetanus
Lockjaw
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