Ap Biology > neurons > Flashcards

neurons Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

nerves

A

Cells called neurons bundled together in a sheath of connective tissue

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2
Q

neurons

A

fits form to function

cells that transmit impulses

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3
Q

neuron structure

A

Dendrites : fine branches that receive signals
Cell body : nucleus & organelles
Axon : transmits signal
Synaptic terminal : passes signal to next cell

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4
Q

Synapse / synaptic cleft

A

Interstitial space between synaptic terminal and next cell

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5
Q

Signaling neuron

A

is the presynaptic cell

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6
Q

receiving cell is the

A

Postsynaptic cell

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A 
signaling molecules (chemical messengers)
Carry signal from synaptic terminal to receptors on postsynaptic cell
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8
Q

Glia

A

cells that support neurons
nourish
regulate surrounding interstitial fluid

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9
Q

schwann cells

A

make myelin in PNS
(peripheral nervous system)
glia cells

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10
Q

information processing three stages

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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11
Q

external Sensory neurons

A

detect things from outside a. mechanoreceptors (tough and pressure)

b. chemoreceptors (chemicals, smell, taste)
c. photoreceptors (light, picture)

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12
Q

internal sensory neurons

A

detect things from Inside

a. baroreceptors (blood pressure)
b. pain receptors

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13
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system…spinal cord and brain

somatic- controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

PNS

A

PNS = peripheral nervous system.. All other nerves

AUTONOMIC- CONTROLS SELF REGULATED ORGANS AND GLANDS

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15
Q

integrators

A

Found in CNS : central nervous system
called interneurons-connect neurons in brain & longitudinal nerve cord (spinal cord)
process info sent in by
sensory neurons

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16
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit signal from CNS to effector cells
muscle cells
endocrine cells

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17
Q

simple diffusion

A

very small, not charged

ex water

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

protein channel

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19
Q

active transport

A

against conc. Grad

protein pump or co-transporter (pump two things one in one out)

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20
Q

Resting potential

A 
Sodium potassium pump (co transporter)
active transport. 3Na put, 2K into cell
creates concentrated gradient 
K channels leak ions back out 
more positive out than in cell 
-70 mV potential energy…voltage in cell
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21
Q

how much potassium and sodium go in and out of the cell

A

2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ out

more K+ leaks out than Na+ leaks in

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22
Q

Equilibrium Potential

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A

magnitude of voltage across membrane

23
Q

Hyper polarization

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A

resetting cell
inside even
more negative…increase K diffusing out

24
Q

Depolarization

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A

sends signal

inside becomes less negative…open Na channels

25
graded potentials
different levels of depolarization a. different neuron responses b. no response or action potential c. depolarization signals are summative
26
low grade potential
Low grade: small stimulus, depolarization does not reach trigger zone with high enough energy = no action potential sent down axon
27
high grade potential
High grade: intense or long lasting Signal reaches trigger zone at or above threshold level Action potential send down axon
28
Action Potential: massive depolarization process
A. Sum of depolarization (from dendrites)signals causes depolarization level to reach threshold B. voltage-gated Na channels open (floods Na) C. positive feed back opens more D. Na flow brings voltage closer to 0mV then above 0mV to be positive E. voltage gated K channels open (because overshoot) F. restore negative cytoplasm G. undershoot = too much negative charge inside (close all gates, restraining period) H. resting potential restored by NaK pumps (resets back to -70)
29
Action potential:quick reversal of polarity
A. Action potential is all or nothing B. Na+ flow in as fast as possible for .5ms C. Then Na+ gates shut and K+ gates open
30
passing action potential on
. One patch of membrane activates the Na+ gates next to it by becoming positive inside…..causes more Na+ gates to open Propagation is 1 way due to gate inactivation. refractory period
31
refractory period =
Na gated channels are inactivated
32
Saltatory conduction (leap)
Nerve impulse jumps between Nodes=faster transmission
33
myelin
insulator
34
nodes of ranvier
space between schwann cells
35
Electrical synapse
direct transmission of electric charge via gap junctions =rapid unvarying response (brain) cant be modified or stopped
36
Chemical Synapse
Depolarization opens Ca+ channels Ca+ causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters by exocytosis Neurotransmitters diffuse to postsynaptic cell & bind to receptors
37
two types of neurotransmitters
excitatory and inhibitory
38
excitatory neurotransmitters
causes depolarization (encourages signal transmission)
39
inhibitory neurotransmitters
causes hyperpolarization (discourages signal transmission)
40
Ach neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (muscle) both excitatory and inhibitory
41
serotonin
mood/ memory/sleep
42
epinephrine/norepinephrine
(called adrenalin & noradrenalin in endocrine function)
43
transduction
passing action potential to next cell
44
ligand
any molecule that binds to a receptor
45
receptors
Most = ligand-gated ion channels a. neurotransmitter = the ligand b. binding of ligand opens the gate
46
excitatory receptors
some let K+ & Na+ pass to depolarize | excitatory
47
inhibitory receptors
some let in Cl- to hyperpolarize (inhibitory)
48
receptors activating second messenger
slower longer lastingresponse b) binding n.t. activates G protein c) G protein activates enzyme to make ATP into cAMP d) cAMPs activate protein kinase As e) Kinase As phosphorolate many channels = open them f) many kinase As = amplified signal
49
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potential encourages ps cell response
50
IPSP
inhibitory pulls the cell back from threshold (restores resting polarization)
51
Integration
summation of EPSP & IPSP determines response of cell
52
Spatial summation
multiple synapses of same cell receive signal
53
Temporal summation
rapidly repeated signal
54
Clearing synaptic clefts: Neurotransmitters cleared by…
1. diffusion 2. re-uptake into pre-synaptic cell 3. enzyme mediated breakdown
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