Incorrect explanation for how NW and OW monkeys evolved from prosimians
convergent evolution; natural selection converged them because they had similar behavior–>incorrect!
how NW and OW monkeys actually evolved to be
Parallel Evolution; OW prosimians evolved into monkeys in Africa; NW prosimians were in the global west; OW monkeys rafted across the atlantic ocean to south america where they became NW monkeys
Diversity of primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea Infraorder: Platyrrhine (NW) Superfamily: Ceboidea Family: Callitrichidae (tamarins and marmosets) Cebinae (squirrel monkeys and capuchins) howler, spider, muriqui and wooly saki, uakari, titi night monkey
characteristics
- lives mostly?
- smell?
- smartness?
- teeth
- size (compared to old world monkeys)
- dental formula
- tail
- uterus
- placenta
- births?
- arboreal
- diurnal
- no rhinarium but do have vomeronasal (scent marking)
- less intelligent than OW monkeys
- smaller than OW monkeys (except spider and wooly)
- 36 or 32 teeth
- Dental formula (2-1-3-3) or (2-1-3-2)
- prehensile tail in larger species
- single uterus
- hemochorial placenta
- single births (except marmoset and tamarins)
- ovarian cycles but no menstrual bleeding
- high steroid hormone levels
- multiple social systems
Social systems of NW monkeys
- monogamy
- polygamous males
- fission/fusion - spider and muriquis (hang out and know each other, but sometimes split apart)
Marmosets
- sap eating
- similar to tamarins
- pygmy marmoset
- multiple births are possible
- phyletic dwarfism
- little sexual dimorphism
- paternal care
- reproductive repression
- pre-evolved claws instead of nails
tamarins
- similar to marmosets
- phyletic dwarfism
- multiple births are possible
- little sexual dimorphism
- paternal care
- reproductive repression
- pre-evolved claws instead of nails
phyletic dwarfism
shrinking of the entire phylum
squirrel monkey
- similar in size to ancestral monkey
- closely related to capuchin
- amazon river, andes mountains
how to tell if squirrel monkeys are from North or South of Amazon river
- North - white arched eye patch
- South - white, flat eye patch
capuchin
- organ grinder monkey
- smartest NW monkey
- hollywood movies
owl monkey
- nocturnal (only one)
- has diurnal ancestors because it has a fovea
Howler monkey
most folivorous (eats leaves and plants)
northernmost of NW monkeys (mexico, central america)
-prehensile tail
Spider monkey
most frugivorous
northernmost of NW monkeys (mexico and central america)
-prehensile tail
Wooly spider monkey (muriqui)
- SE Brazil only
- endangered
