-A is
OS detection, version detection, script scanning and traceroute
-sT is
TCP scan
-sS is
stealth scan
-sn is
Disable port scanning. Host discovery only.
-sL is
No Scan. List targets only
-Pn is
no ping
-PS
TCP SYN discovery on port x.Port 80 by default
-PU
UDP discovery on port x.Port 40125 by default. nmap 192.168.1.1-5 -PA22-25,80
service detection
-sX
Xmas tree scan.
-PA
TCP ACK discovery on port x. Port 80 by default
-sP
to perform host enumeration
-sN
Null scan
-sF
FIN scan
-sA
ACK scan (good for determining firewall rules)
-PR
ARP discovery on local network
-p nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 21
Port scan for port x
-F
Fast port scan (100 ports)
-sC
Scan with default NSE scripts. Considered useful for discovery and safe
-script nmap 192,168,1,1 -script=http,banner
Scan with two scripts
-oX
output in XML format