What does Non-Repudiation prove?
WHO performed an action (proves identity/responsibility)
Does Hashing provide Non-Repudiation?
NO - Hashing only proves INTEGRITY (data wasn’t changed), not who did it
What provides Non-Repudiation?
Digital certificates and digital signatures (they prove WHO performed the action)
What type of user account violates Non-Repudiation?
Shared accounts - you can’t prove which specific person did something