factors influencing normal development
genetic, nutritional and environmental
development occurs in the
cephalocaudal direction which means growth occurs in the head to tail direction
development is split into how many areas
4
4 main areas of development
- gross motor
- fine motor and vision
- language and hearing
- social behaviour and play
for development to progress what must be lost
primitive reflexes
primitive reflexes defintion
innate movements in the newborn which hold some survival value or establish gratifying interaction between parent and infants
what are the primitive reflexes
rooting, sucking, palmar grasp reflex. stepping, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, morro reflex, plantar reflex
rooting reflex
head will turn to the point of stimulation to cheek or mouth, should be lost by 4- 6months
sucking reflex
child will instinctively such anything that stimulates the roof of the mouth
palmar grasp reflex
when an object tickles the infants palm the fingers will close in a palmar grasp, should be lost by 6 months and is replaced by the pincer grip
stepping reflex
when the soles of the feet touch a fat surface the infant will attempt to walk, lost by 6 weeks
asymmetric tonic neck reflex
also known as the fencing reflex, when the head is turned to one side when lying down the arm on the same side straightens and the arm on the opposite side bends
morro reflex
when the infants head changes position suddenly there arms quickly abduct and then adduct, should be lost by 2 months
plantar reflex
fanning of the toes if you stimulate the sole of the foot, lost by 1 year
gross motor development
involves function and myelination of neurons, development of proprioception and muscular strength, anything that interferes with these processes will result in delay or inability to attain motor milestones
disorders affecting neuronal function
cerebral palsy, hypoxic/ ischaemic brain injury, rest syndrome
myelination disorders
niemman-pick, Tay sachs, krabbe and gaucher disease
disorders affecting muscular strength
muscular dystrophy
developmental co-ordination disorder
acquisition and execution motor skills below that which is expected at a given chronological age manifested by clumsiness and inca-ordination, diagnosis of exclusion as not otherwise explained by an intellectual or neuromuscular disorder
for all milestones premature babies are expected to reach milestones
later depending on how premiere they are (i.e. expected age to read milestones is the normal chronological age plus how premature they were)
by 6 weeks of age gross motor development
- infant should be able to hold there head up and should be able to raise head slightly in the prone position
- important for baby to get experience in the prone position (i.e. on their front) in order to develop neck muscles for head control
- however, they should never be put to sleep in the prone position as it increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome
by 3 months of age gross motor development
- infant should be able to lift head above plane when held in the horizontal position and there should be no head lag on pulling to sit
- primitive reflexes should begin to be lost
by 6 months of age gross motor development
baby should be able to push up on arms in prone and can roll from stomach to back
by 9 months of age gross motor development
infant stands holding onto furniture and may crawl
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normal child development57
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approach to child with developmental delay24
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autism spectrum disorder4
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fragile x syndrome3
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glue ear5
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GP paediatrics87
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pyloric stenosis7
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paediatric immunisations42
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nutrition40
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Intussusception13
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the acutely ill child51
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appendicitis8
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intestinal malrotation6
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acute scrotum13
