1
Q
What were the Racist beliefs of NSDAP?
A
- Anti-semitic and believed that the Jews would attempt to take over the world if they could
- Believed in the superiority of the Aryan Race
- Believed that people in Eastern Europe such as slavs and poles were the lowest forms of Humans
2
Q
What were the Anti-democratic policies of NSDAP?
A
- Believed that democracy was weak and that Germany needed one strong leader
- Believed that democracy divided a nation
3
Q
What were the Anti-Capitalist/Socialist policies of NSDAP?
A
- Held very few socialist ideas
- Wanted to support small businesses
- Despised trade unions
- Part of early NSDAP policy was “profit-sharing” though it was never implemented
4
Q
Nationalist policies of the NSDAP?
A
- Unification of all German speaking countries into a Greater Germany
- Did not allow foreigners to become German citizens
- End of the Treaty of Versailles
- Rearmament of the armed forces
- Regaining land lost in the Treaty of Versailles
- German people should put the Nation ahead of themselves
5
Q
When was the Munich Putsch?
A
1923
6
Q
What caused the 1923 Munich Putsch?
A
- Anger at the Hyper inflation crisis
- Anger at the perceived failure of democracy and of the Weimar Republic
- Agitation by supporters for action and Nazi fear of losing support
7
Q
What were the key events of the Munich Putsch 1923?
A
- Nazis and SA stormed the Munich Beer hall and forced General Von Kahr to support the Putsch
- Nazis left Beer Hall and started to march in Munich, trying to gather support for a Putsch against the Weimar Republic
- Von Kahr was allowed to leave and withdrew his support for the Putsch
- The Munich police shot on the Nazis and some were killed or injured
- Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested
8
Q
Consequences of the Munich Putsch 1923?
A
- Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested
- Hitler turned his trial into propaganda to be used again the Weimar Republic
- The trial gained Hitler widespread publicity in Germany
- Hitler wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ whilst in Prison which highlighted his political ideology
- The failure of the Putsch led Hitler to come to the ‘Policy of Legality’
- Made Hitler believe he was the saviour of Germany
9
Q
When was the Bamberg conference?
A
1926
10
Q
Key events of the Bamberg Conference 1926?
A
- Hitler highlighted his control of the party and implemented the ‘fuhrerprinzip’
- Hitler told the party to end the anti-capitalist ideas and heal the tense relations between the south and northern factions of the party
- The Nazis decided upon the 25-point plan
11
Q
What were the consequences of the Bamberg Conference 1926?
A
- Gregor Strasser backed down from his socialist ideas for the party
- Nazi members saw Hitler as the total authority
12
Q
What was the Fuhrerprinzip?
A
-The policy of ranking authority in the Nazi party. That their was a hierarchal authority in the party and each member should be totally loyal to their superior
13
Q
What was the consequence of the Fuhrerprinzip?
A
-Hitlers control over the party increased to new heights
14
Q
What was the policy of legality?
A
The Nazi policy to win power through democratic means rather than through force or violence
15
Q
What was the consequence of the policy of legality?
A
- The Nazi 25 point plan was formed
- The Nazis focused on skills for their members such as public speaking and leadership, and embraced propaganda, with posters and newspapers.
16
Q
When were the Gau formed
A
1926
17
Q
What was the use of the Gau and Gauleiters?
A
- Increased the Nazi organisation of Germany as they now had leaders assigned to individual areas
- Nazis had more control in other areas
- Allowed the Nazis to expand
18
Q
What were Gau and Gauleiters?
A
- Gau was the divisions of Germany into certain regions
- Gauleteirs were the leaders of each of the Gaus
19
Q
What were the consequences of Hitler being sent to prison?
A
- Party severely lacked organisation and almost fell apart whilst Hitler was away
- Hitler wrote Mein Kampf which highlighted his political ideology
- Hitler believed that he was the saviour of Germany
- Hitler used trial as propaganda to publicise himself and the Nazi party
20
Q
How did the Nazis actions help to increase their vote between 1928 and 1932?
A
- Implementation of policy of legality forced them to attract votes
- Nazi reorganisation allowed for co-ordinated and targeted policy
- SA showed organisation and strength of Nazis
- Gau and Gauleteirs allowed Nazis to strengthen their hold on individual areas
21
Q
what events beyond the Nazis control led to an increase in their vote between 1928-1932?
A
- wall street crash 1929 and Great Depression severely damaged economy and led to high unemployment
- Anger at the Weimar Republic for their repeated failure to deal correctly with economic problems
- Severe deflation saw wages decrease rapidly
- Fear of communist uprising
22
Q
What were the features of a typical nazi voter?
A
- More likely to be protestant than catholic
- Majority between 18-30
- Mostly middle-class, conservative voters; however did win over a number of working class
- Agricultural North was a Nazi stronghold
- No difference on gender
- No previous strong political allegiances
23
Q
Actions which increased stability for democracy in Brunings chancellorship?
A
- SPD agreed to work and co-operate with Bruning as they feared the Nazis greatly
- Banned the SA
- Tried to end reparation payments
24
Q
Actions which further undermined democracy in Heinrich Bruning’s chancellorship?
A
- He formed a government that didnt hold a majority in the reichstag
- Reichstag rejected a new finance bill
- Bruning tried to dissolve the reichstag and create a presidential government rather than hold new elections
- Bruning implemented extreme austerity and a range of new taxes
25
Why was Bruning appointed as chancellor?
He was an economist and came as General Schleicher's recommendation
26
Why was Bruning dismissed as chancellor?
He alienated Hindenburg by buying up Junker estates and treating the wealthy members of society poorly
27
Actions which increased stability in Von Papen's chancellorship?
-Von Papen dissolved reichstag in 1932 and in new round of elections, NSDAP lost 2 million votes
28
Actions which increased instability in Von Papens chancellorship
- Von Papen wanted to form a presidential government with Hindenburg but was warned this could cause a civil war
- Von Papen also wanted to end the reichstag completely and have the president supported by the army
- Papen eventually lost 'vote of no confidence'
29
Why did parliamentary government break down in 1930?
- Coalition disputes and difficulties in creating sensible coalitions
- Disputes over how to deal with the financial crisis; all parties wanted austerity but the SPD
- Increasing votes for extremist parties
30
What was presidential government?
- Was when the president made laws of his own accord rather than the reichstag
- Became increasingly prominent in Germany through increased use of article 48
31
How was Hitler able to take power in 1933?
- Nazis had most votes in Reichstag
- Big businesses and army supported Hitler
- Hindenburg warned that army was not strong enough to control borders and stop Right Vs Left civil war
- Political deal between Von Papen and Hitler for VP to become vice chancellor and Hitler to become chancellor
32
How was Hitler's ambition stifled when he came to power in 1933?
- Nazis in a coalition government and only 3 out of 12 of the gvt were Nazis
- Only won 44% of the vote in the 1933 election; not a majority
- SPD and KPD hatred for Nazis
- Hindenburgs dislike of Hitler and his and VP's attempt to control Hitler
- Civil service, press and churches opposed Nazism
- Nazis now had to deliver on their promises
33
How was Hitler's ambition helped when he came to power in 1933?
- Reichstag fire allowed Hitler to place the Reichstag Fire Decree which meant Hitler could arrest people without trial and ban the KPD
- Following the 1933 elections, Nazis and nationalist allies controlled 60% of seats and a majority
- The enabling act was passed in 1933 and gave Hitler total authority to make laws without the reichstag...Germany was a dictatorship
34
How did the conservative elites help the consolidation of the NSDAP?
- Big businesses and Junkers put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor
- Big Business provided financial support to the Nazi party
35
How did the Left-Wing parties help the Nazis to consolidate their power?
- Lack of a coalition between SPD and KPD allowed Nazis to take advantage
- Unlawfulness and violence of KPD put some voters off them
36
How did the centre party help the Nazi consolidation of power?
They voted for the enabling act which allowed the Nazis to have full control over Germany
37
How did the middle class parties help the consolidation of Nazi power?
The vote for middle class parties decreased rapidly as many of their voters deferred to Nazism
38
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis have in 1928? How many seats in the reichstag did they have?
What does this show about PR?
- They had 3% of the vote in 1928
- They had 12 seats in the Reichstag
-This displays how PR helped more extremist parties come to power
39
How much of the vote did the Nazis have in July 1932?
37% of the vote
40
How did the employment figures change through the Nazi regime? What do these show?
Jan 1933: 6 million
Jan 1934: 3.3 million
Jan 1939: 302 thousand, and shortage of labour
Rapid shift from 1933 to 1934 displays how the German economy was already recovering (nazi policies cant have taken effect that quickly) and it just coincided with the Nazis coming to power
Very small unemployment figure in 1939 displays that the Nazis were successful in decreasing unemployment
41
How did the Nazis win over different groups of people?
Farmers and rural people: Large unemployment and bankruptcy in these regions; foreigners blamed
Middle & upper class voters: Fear of Communism and foreign influence
Young people: Nazi propaganda
42
When did television networks open in Berlin? What was the impact of this?
- Opened in 1936, and showed the improving quality of life under the Nazi regime
- However, only wealthy households would be able to afford this luxury
43
What were the key racial acts passed throughout the Nazi regime?
April 1933: 1 day boycott of Jewish businesses, and banning of literature produced by Jehovas witnesses
1935: Nuremberg Laws
Aug 1936: Mass arrest of Jehovas witnesses
April 1938: Employment of Jews in business was banned
Nov 1938: Kristallnacht
Dec 1938: Closure of all Jewish businesses and compulsory sale to Aryans
44
What was the 25-point programme and when was it released?
The Nazi manifesto, published in early 1920
45
When was the SA established?
1921
46
How did the Nazi's initially use propaganda to further their views?
They bought the Volkischer Boebachter newspaper in 1920 which was released daily from 1923
47
How did the hyperinflation effect the Nazi's membership?
- 6000 members in 1922
| - 50,000 by the time of the Munich Putsch
48
When was Hitlers trial and why was it important?
-1924
- Made Hitler a nationally known figure
- Released Mein Kampf to further his views
- Made Hitler believe he was a saviour of Germany
49
What was the division of the Gau?
- Late 1920's
- Split Nazis into 35 regions, corresponding to Germany's 35 electoral districts
- Head of each gau was a gauleteir
50
What was the voting pattern for the Nazis from 1928-1933?
1928: 2%
1930: 18%
Jul 1932: 37%
Dec 1932: 33%
1933: 44%
51
What were the unemployment figures before the Nazis came to power?
1929: 1.5 million
1930: 3 million
1932: 6 million
52
What was the increase in votes for the KPD from 1928-1932 and what effect did this have on Nazi votes?
Increase from 3 million to 5 million votes for KPD from 1928-1932
--> This led to an increased vote for the Nazis due to a fear of communism
53
How did Historians term the Nazis policy of promising anything to anyone?
"a rainbow coalition of the discontented" - Evans, 2004
54
Why was Bruning removed as chancellor? (3)
- The failure of his economics policies in improving the economy
- Hindenburg's term as president was due to end in 1932, and he wanted Bruning to get the Reichstag to vote on extending it without an election: he failed in this
- Bruning wanted to buy up Junker land and place farmers on it which alienated the right wing Hindenburg
55
Why was there initial tension between Hitler and Hindenburg? (2)
- Hitler stood in the presidential election in 1932 against Hindenburg
- Although Hindenburg won by 19 million votes to 13 million, he lost the right wing vote and won through votes from those he hated: the SPD and catholic parties
56
What did the Nazis do to ensure they won the 1933 elections? (3)
- Broke up opposition meetings
- attacked opposing parties
- The Reichstag fire allowed Hitler to pass the Decree for protection of people and state in 1933, allowing him to ban freedom of speech and freedom of assembly
57
How did Hitler's trial effect the Nazi vote?
In 1924, the Nazis won 6.5% of the vote
58
What was the main division within the Nazis when Hitler came out of prison?
- Division between those who favoured the emphasis on the nationalist policies of the parties and those who preferred the anti-capitalist polices (eg. Otto and Gregor Strasser)
- This divide was not solved until the Night of the Long knives in 1934
59
What was the impact on farmers in the 1920's? (3)
- Poor harvests in 1927
- Income well below national average
- Unemployment across the Northern, agricultural part of Germany was 23% in 1929
60
When did the majority of the Nazis propaganda begin to form?
- Upon the creation of Ministry of Propaganda in March 1933
| - This allowed the Nazis to take control of all forms of media as part of gleischaltung and didnt allow others a voice
61
How did the Nationalists aid the Nazi's propaganda? (2)
- Received support from Alfred Hugenburg after the Anti-Young plan
- Gave the Nazi's access to his media empire that included 53 newspapers
62
Why was Hitler able to make such an effective case against the Weimar Republic?
He had not been involved in any Weimar politics and so could place all the blame on them
63
How was the SA reorganised in 1930? (2)
- Put under the leadership of Ernst Rohm- it offered food, shelter, uniform and a purpose to a number of unemployed men
- Numbers increased to about 500,00 which allowed them to become more effective in distributing propaganda and breaking up opposition meetings
64
Why was the 1929 Anti-Young plan important for the Nazis? (2)
- Allowed the Nazis to break onto the national scene for the first time since 1923/1924, and showed Hitler as a leading Nazi politician
- Being a member of a nationalist alliance made the Nazis seem more respectable to the establishment despite some of their more radical policies
65
What is an example of the Nazi propaganda of a communist uprising unlikely to be true?
The KPD never actually gained more seats than the SPD
66
How did events in Prussia impact the creation of a one-party state in Germany? (3)
- Under the chancellorship of Von Papen, Prussia had lost the rights of the Weimar constitution (because of increasing political violence in the region)
- Throughout 1933, other Lander were finding their power reduced and their governments being removed from power
- Reich governors, who were Nazis, started to take control of federal Lander, such as Bavaria and Saxony
67
When was Hindenburg's death and what was the impact of this on Hitler's control?
- Hindenberg died in August 1934
| - Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President, creating the position of Fuhrer
68
What was the importance of Himmler on the SS and police force? (3)
- Himmler became the head of the SS in 1929
- By 1945, the SS had over one million members whereas it had merely 200 in 1925
- Himmler became the head of the police force in 1936 which furthered his control over the state
69
When was the concordat?
1933
70
How did Schacht pay for German rearmament and what was the impact of this?
- He issued 'Mefo bills'
- -> This allowed the early stages of rearmament to be kept secret and also allowed it to be paid for on credit
-->He, however, realised that financing payments with debt could lead to long term economic turmoil
71
Following Autarky, what percentage of German raw materials were imported?
33%
72
How did the Great Depression affect wage rates?
Average income decreased by 33% following the depression
73
When did compulsory conscription begin in Germany?
1935
74
What were some ways in which the Nazis controlled German workers? (4)
- Strikes became illegal throughout the Nazi rule
- The National Labour Service organised public work schemes (eg. the construction of the Autobhanen)
- A period of 6 months in the National Labour Service became compulsory for 18 year old men
- By 1939, the number of weekly hours worked had increased from 60 to 72 hours but the average wage for a factory worker was 10x that of the dole payments so no-one complained
History AS
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Decks in class (11)
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